Melting Pot free essay sample

The blend has been utilized figuratively to portray the elements of American public activity. Notwithstanding its engaging uses, it has likewise been utilized to depict what ought to or ought not happen in American public activity. How did the term start? How was it utilized initially? How is it utilized in contemporary society? What are a few issues with the possibility of the blend? How is state funded instruction associated with the possibility of the blend? How does the mixture work in American social and political belief system? These are a portion of the inquiries considered in the accompanying conversation. The Statue of Liberty is at this point a generally perceived image of American political folklore. She remains at the passage of New York harbor, wearing a spiked crown speaking to the light of freedom sparkling on the seven oceans and the seven landmasses. The sculpture was a blessing to the United States from the individuals of France in 1884. We will compose a custom article test on Mixture or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is made of bolted copper sheets, just 3/32 of an inch thick, brilliantly appended to a system planned by Louis Eiffel. Its development is to such an extent that it won't be worried by high breezes or temperature changes (The world Book Encyclopedia, pp. 874-875). The imagery of the sculpture is strengthened by Emma Lazarus’poem â€Å"The New Colossus†, which is recorded on a plaque at the base of the sculpture. Dislike the baldfaced mammoth of Greek popularity, With overcoming appendages on the back of from land to land; Here at our ocean washed, dusk entryways will stand A relentless lady with a light, whose fire Is the detained lightning, and her name Mother of outcasts. From her reference point hand Glows overall welcome; her mellow eyes order The air-crossed over harbor that twin urban communities outline. â€Å"Keep, antiquated terrains, your celebrated pageantry! † cries she With quiet lips. â€Å"Give me your drained, your poor, Your clustered masses longing to inhale free, The pitiable decline of your overflowing shore. Send these, the storm tost to me. I lift my light close to the brilliant entryway. † (Emma Lazarus, 1883) The Statue of freedom, devoted in 1886, turned into a visual image of American belief system. Somewhere in the range of 1880 and 1930, 27 million individuals relocated to the United States (www. pbs. organization/fmc/timetable/eimmigration. htm). A large portion of them entered by method of Ellis Island in New York harbor. A large portion of them would have finished their long six weeks’ venture with by observing Miss Liberty come into see. These migrants were going to enter the â€Å"golden entryway. † What lay behind it? What openings were envisioned? What sort of life was envisioned? How were these turn-of-the-century spirits to turn out to be a piece of America? A Brief History of the Common School One ground-breaking social organization that had a significant influence in the integrative procedure of settlers, starting in about the center of the nineteenth century was the regular school. Horace Mann, the main state school director in Massachusetts and a solid promoter for various social changes, including an arrangement of government funded training, enunciated the belief system of a typical school in his Twelfth Annual Report of the Board of Education in 1849 (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1849). He says: It (a free educational system) knows no qualification of rich and poor, of bond and free, or between those, who, in the blemished light of this world, are looking for, through changed roads, to arrive at the entryway of paradise. Without cash and without value, it opens up its entryways, and spreads its table of abundance, for all the offspring of the State. Like the sun, it sparkles, upon the great, yet upon the underhanded, that they may turn out to be acceptable; and like the downpour, its favors slip, upon the only, however upon the uncalled for, that their bad form may withdraw from them and be known no more. This colorful depiction of the conceivable outcomes innate in an arrangement of free schools was to turn out to be a piece of American political philosophy. Open tutoring was viewed as having the ability to reproduce and change European settlers into decent, tractable, beneficial American residents. Through an arrangement of basic schools, an assortment of ideologies and societies could be amalgamated for the social solidness and financial great of the nation. By the late 1800s the state funded school development in America was strong in the Northeast however simply picking up force in the South. Its encouraging had been stopping, continuing at various rates affected by changing geographic, social, and financial conditions. The normal school, as it was first called, was to be charge bolstered. It was to have a typical educational program, paying little mind to the social station of its demographic, it was to be available to all, and it was to encourage a typical arrangement of metro ideals. The state funded school development in the Northeast started to make strides in the early long periods of the nineteenth century. It was effectively affected and coordinated by the ascent of industrialism, by appealling reformers, for example, Horace Mann, by new methods of transportation, and by the commitments of American designers. The student of history S. Alexander Rippa says â€Å" throughout the entire existence of American training, one of the most noteworthy results of the Industrial Revolution was the progressive rise of another, government funded school-disapproved of common laborers in the northern urban communities. To be sure, the fast development of assembling relied upon a promptly accessible wellspring of work for the new factories† (Rippa, 1984. . 100). The work power in the northern manufacturing plants and factories was enlarged by European outsiders: Between 1815 and 1845 very nearly 3 million displaced people had left their home shores for America (p. 101). Noteworthy quantities of foreigners in mid-century America significantly influenced the state funded school development. They shaped a core for sorted out work, whose plan remembered an enthusiasm for training; and their very nearness in such huge numbers powered feelings of dread for the delicacy of a youthful country (p. 102). The regular school was viewed as a road for the osmosis of migrants into American culture. Formal tutoring was not orderly in America in the mid-1800s, in spite of the local endeavors of solid promoters for government funded training. There were wide territorial and social contrasts in perspectives toward charge bolstered, orderly conventional tutoring dependent on a typical educational program. Different strict gatherings had set up schools for the propagation of their philosophy and culture, particularly in the mid-Atlantic and Northern states. These gatherings were frightful of giving up duty to political power. In the Southern states, bondage and a solid rank framework were hindrances to the improvement of government funded schools (p. 97). The convergence of enormous quantities of outsiders exacerbated strict and social pressures and incited clashes with American laborers who were afraid for their employments. This unstable circumstance made much more help for precise government funded training as a mingling operator. Government funded instruction turned out to be a piece of a more extensive helpful development tending to a wide range of social ills made by urbanization, industrialization, and migration (p. 105). A differing gathering of generally white collar class reformers called for activity to cancel subjugation, to improve the states of poor people, to build the legitimate privileges of ladies, and to improve the instructive open doors for all classes of individuals. The social changes of the last 50% of the nineteenth century buttressed a general confidence in instruction as an even minded social establishment. The South introduced an uncommon case, be that as it may, particularly as a result of the overwhelming impacts of the Civil War and Reconstruction just as its long history of subjugation. In the South, the coordination of masses of recently liberated slaves was a gigantic assignment, particularly in an annihilated economy and in a social milieu that was still emphatically class cognizant. African Americans were to a great extent uneducated due to a past filled with legitimate limitations against teaching them. There was additionally a â€Å"rising tide of lack of education among the southern white people† (p147). The Peabody Education Fund, a humanitarian undertaking built up by the rich agent George Peabody to improve southern instruction, found that from 1862 to 1872 the white populace had expanded by 13%, yet the ignorance rate had expanded by 50 % (p. 147). In the twelve years following the Civil War, the period known as Reconstruction, nearby government in the South was coordinated by the Federal government. This was a severe pill for some white Southerners to swallow. Government funded instruction was distinguished in their psyches with the plan of Northern gatecrashers. It was additionally criticized in their brains by its relationship with noble cause schools. Subsequently, the ideological intensity of state funded training as an extraordinary equalizer was grasped fundamentally by a center of dark pioneers, dynamic white pioneers, for example, Walter Hines Page (p. 154), and some northern donors. It would be a very long time before government funded training was solidly settled in the South. â€Å"While a crushed South battled and attempted to endure, the North, amusingly, went through the grievous long periods of war and reproduction more prosperous than ever,† says Alexander Rippa (p. 156). During the 1880s another influx of movement started, settling fundamentally in northern urban focuses; and these â€Å"new† migrants, for the most part from Eastern Europe, carried with them social examples which contrasted enormously from local conceived Americans and the northern and western European workers who went before them. Somewhere in the range of 1890 and 1920, 18 million new residents debarked in America (Booth, Washington Post). Existing social issues turned out to be much additionally squeezing. There was a recognition among local conceived Americans that the social issues of the urban communities originated from the changing character of the new workers (p. 71). There was another direness to Americanize these

Large-Scale Change at Wssc free essay sample

This was the ready that the organization expected to change right away. In October of 1999, John Griffin was employed as the new WSSC’s new senior supervisor so as to actualize the fitting changes the association required. Griffin was the main outcast director in the organization for exceptionally prolonged stretch of time and he needed to figure out how to lead the change, defeat obstruction and win validity and backing of the workers. Each change made in an association sneaks a few dangers that each director must be set up to confront. A change may cause obstruction and frenzy around the association. Individuals will in general dread change, and representatives might be hesitant to see their recognizable procedures and programming programs tossed out. In circumstances of progress, representatives will in general move from their ‘comfort zone’, where they have a sense of safety certain and in charge of their lives and work, to the ‘no zone’ that they become incapacitated at updates on the difference in their work, they are influenced and performing awful in light of the sock and afterward they move to the ‘gap zone’, where they are attempting to discover approaches to respond. We will compose a custom article test on Enormous Scale Change at Wssc or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The test for the chief who is executing the change is to move the representatives to the ‘go zone’, where everybody is proceeding the change. There are numerous approaches to battle protection from change. One path is to guarantee that workers see that the administration is totally dedicated to guaranteeing the change happens. Second, it is significant for the change vision to be conveyed plainly to all workers with the goal that everyone comprehends what's in store. Some portion of why individuals oppose change is the dread of the obscure. Besides, scope creep is a danger of each task. This hazard includes the extent of the task increasing after some time. This is particularly a danger in change the board circumstances. After a timeframe when numerous individuals meddle, the extent of the report change has broadened so extensively as to require things like a clasp workmanship picture of a giraffe on the fourth page and an espresso stain on the back. So as to keep away from scope creep in change the executives, it is essential that the extent of the change be expressly expressed and conveyed to all whom the change influences. Griffin needed to think of the correct approaches to actualize changes in a high-earnestness circumstance. The time was squeezing and the workers were isolated among energy and opposition, while he was a thoroughly spic and span individual in the association. So as to pick up the trust of the representatives and believability he utilized high correspondence levels so as to move toward a low troublesome methodology through the prepare stage and step by step he continued to development and support stage. To be progressively exact he attempted to make an in person transparent correspondence around the association. He attempted to clarify what precisely the issues were without attempting to conceal reality or making disarray about his objectives; his motivation was simply to make the organization serious and productive and contrasted with other government offices as well as to the private own industry . The subsequent stage was to make the vital marketable strategy thus he did. The vital arrangement was extending from business system to singular development and improvement. The change plan as WSSC chiefs accepted required both individual and corporate change and expected to execute through a worth driven culture. Initial step was the Competitive Action Program (CAP) by making a controlling board of trustees comprising of 12-15 individual from a cross area of work capacities and various leveled levels whose errand was to audit and affirm for usage top tier rehearses in the business. Albeit the vast majority of the objectives were included in CAP different angles, for example, a push to expand the executives decent variety to more readily speak to the client base served by the association, must be changed to help these endeavors. Another progression that Griffin went before was restricting a financial arrangement resolving to freeze rates for the following five years and to arrive at outside investors and increase their help. While in transit to change and all together for the organization to be more cost productive and culture redesign was required. Very 1996 and 2002 there was a 30% decrease in work force when CAP distinguished the serious hole yet additionally by offering the motivating force of early retirement. In the exertion of the WSSC to lessen costs alongside the cut of the quantity of the representatives additionally the staffing levels were decreased. This implies they chose to have less staff around evening time in light of the fact that as a rule at the night the utilization and the crises are low in regards to that their customers rest and don't have to devour at these hours. Moreover a few gatherings of chiefs were sent to a neighborhood preparing office to take an interest in group building and administration programs. Griffin attempted additionally to inspire his staff utilizing direct conversations about their issues and concerns and enabling the fundamental side of their reality inside the association. Group base motivating force framework was additionally executed. Group execution motivating forces were joined by 360-degree assessments with extraordinary accentuation on ceaseless improvement and objective straightforwardness. Another significant staff improvement was the gathering of groups that appointed a party in question to a task from beginning to end and the fruitful new client care programs. A client care bulletin called ‘Connections’ to spread data inside while remotely WSSC facilitated fairs and instructive projects for the networks. To go significantly further, a significant development and venture towards change was the making of the adaptable specialist program. Representatives were getting extra pay through enhancing their aptitudes and then again this broadly educating helped the organization to augment the abilities and accessibility of its laborers beating the past requirements for the assistance of specialists. The association was counseled and informed at any critical stage, particularly when setting the adaptable laborer steps and pay grades making significantly increasingly neighborly and warm environment inside the association. At long last, the Entrepreneurial group was scanning for new chances of making benefits, for example, selling specific research facility administrations to the legislature (for instance in the military) and the private segment. The choice of the difference in WSSC disposed of numerous dangers and perils on the off chance that we think about that there was a division between the representatives. Half of the working work was excited about the progressions yet the remainder of them were firmly standing up to. Subsequent to assessing the company’s results between 199-2002 we can understand the incredible significance of the rebuilding plan. WSSC was an organization with many baffled clients due to the flimsy evaluating strategy, disappointed government proprietors in light of the fact that on the spending clashes and because of the amateurish conduct of the entire organization towards rivalry. Uncovering as a main priority that the experts found after research that the hole between WSSC’s proficiency and that of the top tier privately owned businesses was 21% and after the progressions actualized was dropped to3. 5% there is no space for questioning about the change plan. The work of the organization was increasingly gifted and proficient, the administrations and the cost arrangement were progressively serious the expenses were essentially decreased and all leaded the organization to a superior business point of view. The organization likewise through these progressions figured out how to make solid connections between its buyers and its colleagues. The result of an entrenched change plan as that of WSSC organization and John Griffin is past any further addressing. Each progression of the change was deliberately thought and easily actualized and that was the significant explanation of its prosperity. Presently WWSC and John Griffin need to confront another test. Is it sound for an association to experience such huge numbers of changes in such a brief timeframe? Is there any space for additional improvement? That is the primary inquiry. The enterprising group and its chief John McLeod are hoping to discover new open doors so as to build incomes. The extension of the center business of the organization on outside exercises, for example, selling specific research facility administrations to neighborhood nation and to the private division. In addition, the organization was thinking about furnishing the nearby army installations with water and sewer administrations. One greater open door in the skyline is the alternative of WSSC banding together with network organizations and industry so as to diminish costs considerably more. The extension of WSSC in more exercises can lead the organization to a more prominent achievement. It is truly feasible for the organization to make do with further changes to be progressively serious, increment its incomes and its piece of the overall industry and in the in the mean time make new difficulties for its representatives. The new open doors can make better self-awareness chances for the representatives and can fill in as inspiration for individual improvement. It is shrewd to remember that the company’s condition after the main changes has totally changed. WSSC’s work is presently increasingly gifted, aggressive and ready to work and create through the company’s progression.

DSM-5 PTSD Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-5 PTSD Diagnostic Criteria PTSD Diagnosis Print DSM-5 PTSD Diagnostic Criteria By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 07, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 07, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children PeopleImages / E+ / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Criterion A Criterion B Criterion C Criterion D Criterion E Criterion F Criterion G Criterion H DSM-5 PTSD Diagnosis How DSM-5 Changed View All The criteria for diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the fifth edition of the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM-5) are somewhat different than the criteria in the fourth edition. Here are the symptom criteria in the DSM-5.?? Criterion A You were exposed to one or more event(s) that involved death or threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or threatened sexual violation. In addition, these events were experienced in one or more of the following ways: You experienced the eventYou witnessed the event as it occurred to someone elseYou learned about an event where a close relative or friend experienced an actual or threatened violent or accidental deathYou experienced repeated exposure to distressing details of an event, such as a police officer repeatedly hearing details about child sexual abuse?? How Traumatic Events Cause PTSD Criterion B You experience at least one of the following intrusive symptoms associated with the traumatic event: Unexpected or expected reoccurring, involuntary, and intrusive upsetting memories of the traumatic eventRepeated upsetting dreams where the content of the dreams is related to the traumatic eventThe experience of some type of dissociation (for example, flashbacks) where you feel as though the traumatic event is happening again??Strong and persistent distress upon exposure to cues that are either inside or outside of your body that is connected to your traumatic eventStrong bodily reactions (for example, increased heart rate) upon exposure to a reminder of the traumatic event Definition of Dissociation for People With PTSD Criterion C Frequent avoidance of reminders associated with the traumatic event, as demonstrated by one of the following: Avoidance of thoughts, feelings, or physical sensations that bring up memories of the traumatic event??Avoidance of people, places, conversations, activities, objects, or situations that bring up memories of the traumatic event How to Anticipate and Manage PTSD Intrusive Thoughts Criterion D At least two of the following negative changes in thoughts and mood that occurred or worsened following the experience of the traumatic event: The inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic eventPersistent and elevated negative evaluations about yourself, others, or the world (for example, I am unlovable, or The world is an evil place)Elevated self-blame or blame of others about the cause or consequence of a traumatic event??A negative emotional state (for example, shame, anger, or fear) that is pervasiveLoss of interest in activities that you used to enjoyFeeling detached from othersThe inability to experience positive emotions (for example, happiness, love, joy) The Relationship Between PTSD and Depression Criterion E At least two of the following changes in arousal that started or worsened following the experience of a traumatic event: Irritability or aggressive behaviorImpulsive or self-destructive behavior??Feeling constantly on guard or like danger is lurking around every corner (or hypervigilance)Heightened startle responseDifficulty concentratingProblems sleeping Hypervigilance as a Symptom of PTSD Criterion F The above symptoms last for more than one month. Criterion G The symptoms bring about considerable distress and/or interfere greatly with a number of different areas of your life. Criterion H The symptoms are not due to a medical condition or some form of substance use.?? DSM-5 PTSD Diagnosis In order to be diagnosed with PTSD according to the DSM-5, you need to meet the following: Criterion AOne symptom (or more) from Criterion BOne symptom (or more) from Criterion CTwo symptoms (or more) from Criterion DTwo symptoms (or more) from Criterion ECriteria F through H How DSM-5 Changed The biggest change in the DSM-5 is removing PTSD from the category of anxiety disorders and putting it in a classification called Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.?? Other key changes include: More clearly defining what kind of events are considered traumatic in Criterion AAdding different types of exposure in Criterion AIncreasing the number of symptom groups from three to four by separating avoidance symptoms into their own group (Criterion C)Changing the wording of some of the symptoms from DSM-IVAdding a new set of criteria for children aged 6 or youngerEliminating the acute and chronic phasesIntroducing a new specifier called dissociative features?? You can review the rationale behind these changes, as well as look at other changes in the DSM-5, at the website for the  American Psychiatric Association  (APA). An Overview of PTSD

Essay on Mark Biology and Population Growth Rate - 890 Words

BIOL 1209 Writing Assignment 2 Cover Sheet I certify that the writing in this assignment is my individual work and is my sole intellectual property. It does not contain the ideas, or writing of other individuals/authors. Author: Mark Cooper Jr. Date: 10/24/12 Lab Instructor: Katherine Hovanes Lab Section # 12 Population Ecology Experiment Background: Phosphate is an abiotic factor; therefore, it is a nonliving factor that affects living organism. In this experiment we prose to test the whether variation in environmental phosphate levels affects autotrophic organisms. We ran a lake and Chlamydomonas experiment in order to determine a solution for this question. In our lake experiment we took samples of water†¦show more content†¦Lake Experiment (Ecosystem): Phosphorus Factor Null: Phosphate levels will not influence the abundance of aquatic autotrophic organisms in the lakes. Alternative: Phosphate levels will influence the abundance of aquatic autotrophic organisms in the lakes. Prediction: High levels of phosphate will cause an increase in the abundance of aquatic autotrophic organisms in the lakes. Results: Figure.1: The graphed data represents the growth rate of algae cells (population sizes million cells/mL) in each treatment over 21 day time period. We graphed the population sizes of the control, no-phosphorus, and high-phosphorus treatment. The control group contained 1 ml of Chlamydomonas and 4 ml of phosphate. The no-phosphorus group contained 0.5 ml of Chlamydomonas and 4.5 ml of phosphate . The high-phosphorus treatment contained 3 ml of Chlamydomonas and 2 ml of phosphate. Trend: there is no specific trend represented in the graph. However, No-Phosphorus contained the highest population growth rate with a slope of .19953. The Control and High-Phosphorus treatments had a similar growth rates. However, the Control treatment was higher than the High-Phosphorus treatment. The Control treatment possessed a slope of .1535, and the High-Phosphorus treatment slope of .1407 for. Figure2: The dataShow MoreRelatedLab Report : Lighting Up With Tetrahymena. Katy Snider. Texas State University1361 Words   |  6 Pages Lighting Up with Tetrahymena Katy Snider Texas State University Abstract Tetrahymena cells are model organisms that have led to the discovery of many groundbreaking topics in the biology world. Tetrahymena cells nourish through a process called phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is when the cell engulfs anything in its path using the cell’s cytoplasm. In this experiment, through the use of a control, and low and high concentration of tobacco extract it was determined that cigarette extract inhibitsRead MoreEssay On Glioblastoma1349 Words   |  6 PagesGlioblastoma(GB) is the most common primary malignant solid brain tumor in adults1. 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The Real Housewives Of Britain Essay - 1831 Words

â€Å"The Real Housewives of Britain† Coventry Patmore’s â€Å"The Angel in the House† of 1854 depicts the quintessential role of â€Å"The Angel† through a husband’s standpoint, during Queen Victoria’s reign in the 19th Century. The Angel was an idealization of a role given to the middle and upper class housewife of Great Britain during the Victorian era. The Angel served her family and household, who would grow submissive to her husband while remaining innocent about the realities of the outside world. These women where glorified to a level of perfection in her home and praised the values of maternal conduct, the reason she was given the name â€Å"Angel†. Patmore designed this godly figure resulting from his estranged fifteen-year marriage with wife Emily August Andrews. â€Å"The Angel in the House†, written through Patmore’s point of view, allows the reader to take a stance in hopes of siding with Patmore and the women’s true role to benefit the man. 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However these figures were completely inaccurateRead MoreExploitation of Children during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain1867 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Great Britain experienced a period of radical change and transformation. This era is referred to as the Industrial Revolution. It brought a surge of technological innovations, an increase in production, more world trade, and a rise in urban population. One of the most controversial and widely debated issues until today among historians is the use of child labor. Despite that this era led to massive economic growth and social development,Read MoreArgumentative Essay About Fast Food Industry1359 Words   |  6 Pageswith modern mothers having outside careers rather than being housewives. Granted such mothers get out of work worn out with little strength to prepare a proper meal for the family. They often opt for an easier way of preparing a meal for their fam ilies. 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Broadcasters hoped to interest manufacturers of household cleaners, food products, and toiletries in the possibility of using daytime radio to reach their primeRead MoreThe Changing Role and Status of Women since 1945 Essay2354 Words   |  10 Pagessource is only one womans experience, a lot of women were made redundant as soon as the war started coming to an end because men were promised their jobs back and women were, therefore, expected to go back home and revert to being housewives and mothers again. Although the government produced a great deal of propaganda encouraging women to take mens jobs and depicted women as strong workers and an important part of the community, as soon as the war was coming to anRead MoreThe Economic Crisis Of The United States2110 Words   |  9 Pagesamong housewives, helped drive Proctor and Gamble sales and led to international expansion, despite the Great Depression. (Proctor and Gamble, 2006). Many other companies producing basic essentials seemingly survived much easier than those in the comfort items business. Less production led to fewer jobs, lower wages and the fact that the United State government enacted the 18th Amendment, known as prohibition, only compound these issues. In the wake of war looming between Germany, Britain and FranceRead MoreThe Role of British Women in World War II1787 Words   |  8 PagesIn World War 1, British women broke through traditional roles and worked as nurses on the battlefield; however, after the war women resumed their previous roles, as house wives or jobs in domestic service, etc. (BBC UK) †¢ On September 3, 1939 Britain and France declared war on Germany after the deadline for troop withdrawal passed. (BBC UK) †¢ The Womens Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) was created in July 1939. (BBC UK) Duties of WAAFs †¢ Female pilots of the Air Transport Auxiliary flew planes

Financing Free Essays

string(278) " be understandable to users – who are generally assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities Accounting information and financial tenements should be prepared in such a way as to facilitate understanding by users of the financial statements\." On this basis, CDC has set a strong foundation as one of the largest (by both sales and production value) confectionery companies in Vietnam and aims to leverage through expansion of our reach and product strategy into daily use products to become one of the largest food beverage companies in Vietnam. The overall goal is to meet the daily demands of our consumers. Vision: â€Å"FLAVOR YOUR LIFE† CDC creates life’s flavor through wholesome, healthy, nutritious and convenient foods. We will write a custom essay sample on Financing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mission: Kid’s mission for consumers is to identify, anticipate and meet the demands of our consumers with food, flavor and beverage products. This includes the current range of products and looks to expand further into beverages, condiments, instant foods, processed foods, eats and health supply to become a full range, food beverage company. Our goal is to provide products that are market leading in quality, healthy, satisfying and conveniently available all our consumers. Financial: As predicted, 2012 has proven to be a very challenging year for the country as a whole and businesses in particular. GAP growth was lower than expected, inflation remained high and consumer confidence and purchasing power were reduced to marginal growth levels. These factors resulted in making it difficult for all businesses to realize their growth strategies, including us at CDC. However, despite very challenging economic environment of the past 12 months, CDC have successfully completed Stage Three of our four part growth strategy. CDC aimed for â€Å"Profitability through Efficiencies†, and they realized that objective in 2012. However we are not stopping there. They are continuing to channel our resources into our core food business and invest in our distribution and supply chain networks. Our primary goal continues to be striving for improved efficiencies which can drive profit by achieving optimal operating performance. To date, our results in this area have been impressive. They generated a profit of VEND 490 billion in 2012 as against VEND 349 billion the previous year. Significantly, our ROE increased from 7. 2% to 9. 1%. II. THE BODY Financial accounting is concerned with reporting to external parties such as owners, analysts, and creditors. These external users rarely have access to the information that is internal to the organization, nor do they specify the exact information that will be presented. Instead, they must rely on the general reports presented by the company. Therefore, the reporting structure is well defined and standardized. The ethos of preparation and the reports presented are governed by rules of various standard-setting organizations. Furthermore, external users generally see only summarized or aggregated data. In contrast, managers of a business oftentimes need or desire far more detailed information. This information can sometimes take on familiar formats. Subsequent chapters will reveal typical examples of budgets, segment income reports, and so forth. A fundamental awareness of the financial accounting processes and resulting financial statements is a vital prerequisite to understanding the framework for these typical managerial accounting reports. In addition, managers usually request reports that are tailored to specific decision- making tasks. These reports are apt to become more â€Å"free formed. † Managerial accountants must be able to adapt their generalized knowledge of accounting to develop customized data and reports that are logical and support sound management processes. Managerial accounting information tends to be focused on products, departments, and activities. It necessarily crosses over a broad range of functional areas including marketing, finance, and other disciplines. Many organizations refer to their internal accounting units as departments of strategic enhance, given their wide scope of duties. Managerial accounting information is ultimately based on internal specifications for data accumulation and presentation. These internal specifications should be clear and consistent. Great care must be taken to insure that resulting reports are sufficiently logical to enable good decisions. Specific reporting periods may be replaced with real-time data that enable quick response. And, forecasted outcomes become critical for planning. Further, cost information should be disseminated in a way that managers can focus on their business components segments. . Features of useful management accounting information in CDC. The features are required in order for management accounting information to be useful, mainly in making decisions. The information must be: relevant, understandable, timely, comparable, reliable and complete and last with cost benefits features. A) Relevant. The management needs to consider only the relevant information. The information must be relevant to decision making in process. We can understand simple, relevant information is a part of information that consequences in different decision being made for a particular activity. The piece of information have to be able to effect decision that has to be made. Relevance accounting information is the compilation of a company’s financial dealings. CDC present accounting information to internal and external business stakeholders for creation decisions. Relevant to investors, creditors, and others for investment, credit, and similar decisions, accounting information must be capable of making dissimilarity in a decision. Relevant in sequence should have predictive value, feedback value, and timeliness. Relevant information helps decision makers make predictions about future; it has Predictive Value. Relevant information also helps decision makers confirm or accurate previous prospect; it has Feedback Value Most companies must present accounting information according to national accounting standards; generally accepted accounting principles (GAP) symbolize the most trustworthy accounting standards. GAP requires accounting information to include qualitative characteristics on which business stakeholders can rely. B) Understandable. The second feature of management accounting information is that it can be understood by the user of the information. The information clear, simple and easily understood by the manager. This is because most managers do not have a financial or accounting background. Therefore, it is reasonable for the management accountant to use simple terms that can be understood by the management to guarantee that the information is used to make accurate decisions. Long winded information will only be puzzling and may cause erroneous decisions to be made. This implies the expression, with clarity, of accounting information in such a way that it will be understandable to users – who are generally assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities Accounting information and financial tenements should be prepared in such a way as to facilitate understanding by users of the financial statements. You read "Financing" in category "Papers" Information about complex matters should be presented, if important or material. Users of information and financial statements are assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business, economy, and accounting and to be willing to study information to gain a reasonable level of financial expertise. C) Timely. A piece of information is Just useful to the management if it is received in a timely manner. If Kid’s the management accounting information is received late, the correct actions cannot be taken or the decision made will no longer be of value. D) Comparable. Accounting information must be comparable. Kid’s management accounting information is often used by the management to make comparisons. Accounting information and financial statements should be equipped in such a way as to assist assessment of entity information during time and also alongside information from different, but similar, entities. Comparability results when different enterprises apply the same accounting management to similar events. Compliance with international accounting standards helps to enhance comparability. ) Reliable and Complete. KID’S management accounting information is always associated with the future. However, it cannot be 100% accurate. It only has to be accurate for a decision within a relevant range. Thus, important and useful information during particular period cannot be left out. This is to ensure that the information is reliable as well as complete. Reliability is the quality of information that authorized users to depend on it with assurance. This means it is verifiable, has faithful representation, and is reasonably free of errors and bias. Representative closeness refers to resplendence or agreement between a measure or description and the phenomenon that it purports to represent. That means the numbers and imagery represent what really existed or happened. Accounting information and financial statements should be prepared in such a way that they are free from material error and bias. That is that CDC represent faithfully that which they either hold themselves out to represent or could be reasonably expected to represent. F) With Cost- benefit Features. Kid’s the preparation of information will certainly incur cost such as the costs of collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data obtained. Thus, it is important that the information can bring returns that cover the costs involved. In other words, the value of the information obtained must be more than the costs of obtaining it. The information must be useful before it can produce results. All in all, the accounting information is too particular, will enlarge the risk of investor decision- making, therefore the formation of the happening of internal control is leap to influence the entire capital market competence and capital market financing capacity. Thus, accounting information must allow the reader to recognized, so that it can be used properly. 2. Planning. CDC must plan for success. What does it mean to plan? It is about deciding on a course of action to reach a desired outcome. Planning must occur at all levels. First, it occurs at the high level of setting strategy. It then moves to broad-based thought about how to establish an optimum position to maximize the potential for realization of goals. Finally, planning must give thoughtful consideration to financial realities/ constraints and anticipated monetary outcomes (budgets). A business organization may be made up of many individuals. These individuals must be orchestrated to work together in harmony. It is important that they share and understand the organizational plans. In short, everyone needs to be on the same page. As such, clear communication is imperative. ) Strategy CDC should invest considerable time and effort in developing strategy. Employees, harried with day-to-day tasks, sometimes fail to see the need to take on strategic planning. It is difficult to see the linkage between strategic endeavors and the day-to- day corporate activities associated with delivering goods and services to customers. But, strategic planning ultimate ly defines the organization. Specific strategy setting can take many forms, but generally includes elements pertaining to the definition of ore values, mission, and objectives. Core values: An entity should clearly consider and define the rules by which it will play. Core values can cover a broad spectrum involving concepts of fair play, human dignity, ethics, employment/promotion/ compensation, quality, customer service, environmental awareness, and so forth. If CDC does not cause its members to understand and focus on these important elements, it will soon find participants becoming solely â€Å"profit-centric. † This behavior leads to a short-term focus and potentially dangerous practices that may provide the seeds of self-destruction. Remember that management is to build business value by making the right decisions, and decisions about core values are essential. Be aware that the Institute of Management Accountants (AMA) is a representative group for the managerial accounting profession. The IMAM has established a set of ethical standards for its members that are part of the core values for the profession. Imam’s overarching ethical principles include: Honesty, Fairness, Objectivity, and Responsibility. Many IMAM members have earned the CAM (certified management accountant) and CFML (certified financial manager) designations. These certificates represent significant competencies in managerial accounting and financial management skills, as well as a pledge to follow the ethical precepts of the ‘MA. Mission: CDC attempt to prepare a pithy statement about their mission. Such mission statements provide a snapshot of CDC and provide a focal point against which to match ideas and actions. They provide an important planning element because they define Kid’s purpose and direction. Interestingly, some organizations have avoided mission, in fear that it will limit opportunity for expansive thinking. For example, General Electric specifically states that it does not have a mission statement, per SE. Instead, its operating philosophy and business objectives are clearly articulated each year in the Letter to Shareowner, Employees and Customers. In some sense, though, Gee’s tag line reflects its mission: imagination at work. Perhaps the subliminal mission is to pursue opportunity wherever it can be found. As a result, GE is one of the world’s most diversified entities in terms of the range of products and services it offers. Overall, the strategic structure of CDC is established by how well it defines its values and purpose. But, how does the managerial accountant help in this process? At first lance, these strategic issues seem to be broad and without accounting context. But, information is needed about the returns that are being generated for investors; this accounting information is necessary to determine whether the profit objective is being achieved. Actually, though, managerial accounting goes much deeper. For example, how are core values policed? Consider that someone must monitor and provide information on environmental compliance. What is the most effective method for handling and properly disposing of hazardous waste? Are there alternative products that may cost more to acquire but cost less to dispose? What system must be established to record and track such material? All of these issues require accountability. As another example, ethical codes likely deal with bidding procedures to obtain the best prices from capable suppliers. What controls are needed to monitor the purchasing process, provide for the best prices, and audit the quality of procured goods? All of these issues quickly evolve into internal accounting tasks. B) Positioning. An important part of the planning process is positioning CDC to achieve its goals. Positioning is a broad concept and depends on gathering and evaluating accounting information. Costumer/Profit analysis and scalability: A subsequent chapter will cover cost/volume/profit analysis. It is imperative for managers to understand the nature of cost behavior and how changes in volume impact profitability. Methods include calculating break-even points and determining how to manage to achieve target income levels. Managerial accountants study business models and the ability (or inability) to bring them to profitability via increases in scale. Global Trade and Transfer: The management accountant frequently performs significant and complex analysis related to global activities. This requires in-depth research into laws about tariffs, taxes, and shipping. In addition, global enterprises may transfer inventory and services between affiliated units in alternative countries. These transactions must be fairly measured to establish reasonable transfer prices (or potentially run afoul of tax and other rules of various countries involved). Once again, the management accountant is called to the task. Branding / Pricing / Sensitivity / Competition: In positioning a company’s products and services, considerable thought must be given to branding and its impact on the business. To build a brand requires considerable investment with an uncertain payback. Frequently, the same product can be positioned as an elite brand via a large investment in up-front advertising, or as a basic consumer product that will depend upon low price to drive sales. What is the correct approach? Information is needed to make the decision, and management will likely enlist the internal accounting staff to prepare prospective information based upon alternative scenarios. Likewise, product pricing decisions must be balanced against costs and competitive market conditions. And, sensitivity analysis is needed o determine how sales and costs will respond to changes in market conditions. Decisions about positioning Kid’s products and services are quite complex. The prudent manager will need considerable data to make good decisions. Management accountants will be directly involved in providing such data. They will usually work side-by-side with management in helping correctly interpret and utilize the information. It is worthwhile for a good manager to study the basic principles of managerial accounting in order to better understand how information can be effectively utilized in the decision process. Budgets. A necessary planning component is budgeting. Budgets outline the financial plans for an organization. There are various types of budgets. Kid’s budgeting process must take into account ongoing operations, capital expenditure plans, and corporate financing. Operating Budgets: A plan must provide definition of the anticipated revenues and expenses of CDC, and more. Operating budgets can become fairly detailed. The process usually begins with an assessment of anticipated sales and proceeds to a detailed mapping of specific inventory purchases, staffing plans, and so forth. These budgets oftentimes delineate allowable levels of expenditures for various departments. Capital Budgets: The budgeting process must also contemplate the need for capital expenditures relating to new facilities and equipment. These longer-term expenditure decisions must be evaluated logically to determine whether an investment can be Justified and what rate and duration of payback is likely to occur. Financial Budgets: CDC must assess financing needs, including an evaluation of potential cash shortages. These estimates enable companies to meet with lenders and demonstrate why and when additional financial support may be needed. The budget process is quite important (no matter how tedious the process may seem) to the viability of an organization. Several of the subsequent chapters are devoted to the nature and elements of sound budgeting. 3) Directing. There are many good plans that are never realized. To realize a plan requires the initiation and direction of numerous actions. Often, these actions must be well coordinated and timed. Resources must be ready, and authorizations need to be in place to enable persons to act according to the plan. By analogy, imagine that a composer has written a beautiful score of music. For it to come to life requires all members of the orchestra, and a conductor who can bring the orchestra into synchronization and harmony. Likewise, the managerial accountant has a major role in moving business plans into action. Information systems must be developed to allow management to maneuver the organization. Management must know that inventory is available when needed, productive resources (people and machinery) are scheduled appropriately, transportation systems will be available to deliver output, and so on. In addition, management must be ready to demonstrate compliance with contracts and regulations. These are complex tasks which cannot occur without strong information resources provided by management accountants. Managerial accounting supports the â€Å"directing† function in many ways. Areas of support include costing, production management, and special analysis. A) Costing. A strong manager must understand how costs are captured and assigned to goods and services. This is more complex than most people realize. Costing is such an extensive part of the management accounting function that many people refer to management accountants as cost accountants. But, cost accounting is only a subset f managerial accounting applications. Cost accounting can be defined as the collection, assignment, and interpretation of cost. Subsequent chapters introduce alternative costing methods. It is important to know the cost of products and services. The ideal approach to capturing costs is dependent on what is being produced. Costing Methods: In some settings, costs may be captured by the Job costing method. CDC might consider tracing costs and assigning them to activities (e. G. , training, client development, etc. ). Then, an allocation model can be used to attribute selected activities to a Job. Such activity-based costing systems are particularly well suited to situations where overhead is high, and/or a variety of products and services are produced. Costing Concepts: In addition to alternative methods of costing, a good manager will need to understand different theories or concepts about costing. In a general sense, these approaches can be described as absorption and direct costing concepts. Under the absorption concept, a product or service would be assigned its full cost, including amounts that are not easily identified with a particular item, such as overhead items moieties called burden. Overhead can include facilities depreciation, utilities, maintenance, and many other similar shared costs. With absorption costing, this overhead is schematically allocated among all units of output. In other words, output absorbs the full cost of the productive process. Absorption costing is required for external reporting purposes under generally accepted accounting principles. Some managers are aware that sole reliance on absorption costing numbers can lead to bad decisions. As a result, internal cost accounting processes in CDC focus on a direct costing approach. With direct costing, a unit of output will be assigned only its direct cost of production (e. G. , direct materials, direct labor, and overhead that occurs with each unit produced). Future chapters examine differences between absorption and direct costing. B) Production. Successfully directing an organization requires prudent management of production. Because this is a hands-on process, and frequently involves dealing with the tangible portions of the business (inventory, fabrication, assembly, etc. ), some managers are especially focused on this area of oversight. Managerial accounting provides numerous tools for managers to use in support of production and logistics (moving goods through production to a customer). To generalize, production management is about running a lean business model. This means that costs must be minimized and efficiency maximized, while seeking to achieve enhanced output and quality standards. In the past few decades, advances in technology have greatly contributed to the ability to run a lean business. Product fabrication and assembly have been improved through virtually error-free robotics. Accountability is handled via comprehensive software that tracks an array of data on a real-time basis. These enterprise resource packages are extensive in their power to deliver specific query- based information for CDC. BOB (business to business) systems provide data interchange with sufficient power to enable Kid’s information system to automatically initiate a product order on its vendor’s information system. Logistics is facilitated by radio frequency identification processors embedded in inventory that enable a computer to automatically track the quantity and location of inventory. MM (machine to machine) enables connected devices to communicate information without requiring human engagement. These developments ultimately enhance CDC efficiency and the living standards of customers who benefit from better and cheaper products. But, despite their robust power, they do not replace human decision making. Managers must pay attention to the information being produced, and be ready to adjust business processes in response. Inventory: For a manufacturing CDC inventory may consist of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. The raw materials are the components and parts that are to be eventually processed into a final product. Work in process consists of goods that are actually under production. Finished goods are the completed units awaiting sale to customers. Each category will require special consideration and control. Failure to properly manage any category of inventory can be disastrous. Overstocking raw materials or overproduction of finished goods will increase costs and obsolescence. Conversely, out-of-stock situations for raw materials will silence the production line. Failure to have goods on hand might result in lost sales. Subsequent chapters cover inventory management. Popular techniques include Just-in-time inventory management and economic order quantity. Responsibility Considerations: Enabling and motivating employees to work at peak performance is an important managerial role. For this to occur, employees must perceive that their productive efficiency and quality of output are fairly measured. A good manager will understand and be able to explain to others how such measures are determined. Direct productive processes must be supported by many service departments (maintenance, engineering, accounting, cafeterias, etc. ). These service departments have nothing to sell to outsiders, but are essential components of operation. The costs of service departments must be recovered for a business to survive. It is easy for a production manager to focus solely on the area under direct control and ignore the costs of support tasks. Yet, good management decisions require full consideration of the costs of support services. Many alternative techniques are used by managerial accountants to allocate responsibility for CDC costs. A good manager will understand the need for such allocations and be able to explain and Justify them to employees who may not be fully aware of why profitability is more difficult to achieve than it would seem. In addition, techniques must be utilized to capture the cost of quality, or perhaps better aid, the cost of a lack of quality. Finished goods that do not function as promised cause substantial warranty costs, including rework, shipping, and scrap. There is also an extreme long-run cost associated with a lack of customer satisfaction. Understanding concepts of responsibility accounting will also require one to think about attaching inputs and outcomes to those responsible for their ultimate disposition. In other words, a manager must be held accountable, but to do this requires the ability to monitor costs incurred and deliverables produced by defined areas of accountability (centers of responsibility). This does not happen by accident and requires extensive systems development work, as well as training and explanation, on the part of management accountants. ) Analysis. Certain business decisions have recurrent themes: whether to outsource production and/or support functions, what level of production and pricing to establish, whether to accept special orders with private label branding or special pricing, and so forth. Managerial accounting provides theoretical models of calculations that are needed to support these types of de cisions. Although such models are not perfect in every case, hey certainly are effective in stimulating correct thought. The seemingly obvious answer may not always yield the truly correct or best decision. Therefore, subsequent chapters will provide insight into the logic and methods that need to be employed to manage these types of business decisions. 4) Controlling. Things rarely go exactly as planned, and management must make a concerted effort to monitor and adjust for deviations. The managerial accountant is a major facilitator of this control process, including exploration of alternative corrective strategies to remedy unfavorable situations. In addition, a recent trend is for enhanced internal controls and mandatory certifications by Coos and Scoffs as to the accuracy of financial reports. These certifications carry penalties of perjury, and have gotten the attention of corporate executives. This has led to greatly expanded emphasis on controls of the various internal and external reporting mechanisms. CDC has a person designated as controller (sometimes termed â€Å"comptroller†). The controller is an important and respected position within CDC also the largest corporations. CDC control function is of sufficient complexity that a controller may have hundreds of purport personnel to assist with all phases of the management accounting process. As this person’s title suggests, the controller is primarily responsible for the control task; providing leadership for the entire cost and managerial accounting functions. In contrast, the chief financial officer (SCOFF) is usually responsible for external reporting, the treasury function, and general cash flow and financing management. In CDC, one person may serve a dual role as both the SCOFF and controller. Larger organizations may also have a separate internal audit group that reviews the work of the accounting and treasury units. Because internal auditors are reporting on the effectiveness and integrity of other units within a business organization, they usually report directly to the highest levels of corporate leadership. A) Monitor. Begin by thinking about controlling a car. Steering, acceleration, and braking are not random; they are careful corrective responses to constant monitoring of many variables like traffic, road conditions, and so forth. Clearly, each action is in response to having monitored conditions and adopted an adjusting response. Likewise, business managers must rely on systematic monitoring tools to maintain awareness How to cite Financing, Papers

Social Psychology Behaviors and Thoughts of People

Question: Outline and evaluate theories on majority conformity (e.g. informational social influence and normative social influence), minority influence, obedience and social change. For each theory, you need to include research studies that relate to them? Answer: Social Psychology is the study of the science of how the feelings, behaviors and thoughts of people are swayed with the help of the imagined, actual or implied presence of others. It is usually referred to as a discipline that had previously reduced the gap between sociology and psychology. However, these two disciplines have become isolated and specialized from each other in the past few years. The sociological approaches have remained an important correspondent to psychological research in this field. Conformity is used for indicating an agreement to the majority position, which is brought to the forefront to be correct, to be liked or to confirm a social role. [1] There are four categories of majority Conformity namely Normative Conformity, Informational Conformity, Compliance and Internalization. Normative Conformity yields to group pressure because an individual wants to fit in with a particular group. This can be explained by Aschs experiment. Solomon Asch conducted an experiment in 1951 to examine the extent to which social pressure from a group (majority) could influence an individual to confirm. After the experiment, it was proved that people confirm for two main reasons: firstly, they want to fit in with the particular group and secondly, they believe that the group has better information than they have.[2] The next theory is Informational Social Influence, which is a psychological phenomenon where an individual assumes the action of another individual to reflect the correct form of behavior for a particular situation. When an individual is in a state where he/she is not sure of their behavior and look to other individuals for correctin g his/her behavior, it is known as Informational Social Influence. Individuals are influenced by the behavior of others and make changes in their behavior accordingly. This can be proved by Sherifs Autokinetic Effect Experiment, which he conducted in the year 1935. Sherif conducted an experiment to demonstrate and prove that individuals confirm to norms of different groups when they are put in an uncertain and ambiguous situation. The results revealed that when an individual is in an uncertain situation, he has a natural tendency to imitate the behavior of other individuals to seek guidance. He may want to perform the right thing, but may lack the information, which is appropriate. When he observes others, he gains information about that particular situation and this is known as Informational Social Conformity[3]. Minority Influence is a form of social influence and it takes place when an individual of a minority group persuades a majority of people to accept the behavior or beliefs of the minority group. The minority group at the personal level feels this particular influence after a specific period and it tends to create acceptance of views and thoughts expressed. This statement can be related to the views of Moscovici, who made a distinction between conversion and compliance. Compliance is a very common term in the study of conformation, where the participants confirm to the norms of the group publicly. On the other hand, Conversion includes the influence of minority on the majority group. It involves the process of convincing the majority group that the views and thoughts of the minority group are correct. Moscovici also said that there are four factors, which influence the majority group to agree to the views of the minority group. The factors are thinking style, behavioral style, identif ication and flexibility. Obedience, in psychological terms, is compliance with orders or commands given by an authoritative figure. A research study (known as the obedience study) was conducted by the social psychologist Stanley Milgram (in the 1960s). The results of the experiment proved that individuals have a very strong tendency to have compliance with authoritative figures.[5] The sociologist found several factors that increase Obedience. Obedience was highest when: The commands were given by authoritative figures rather than any other volunteer The experiments were conducted at prestigious institutions The authoritative figure remained present with the said subject inside the room The learner was present in another room The subject did not watch other subjects disobeying the commands or orders. Social change can be referred to as an alteration in the social order of a particular society. It involves changes in social behaviors relations and institutions. It is a philosophical idea that believes that society moves forward by evolutionary or dialectical means. There are many theories that are related to Social change. They are the Marxist theory, the Hegelian theory, the Kuhnian theory, the Daoist theory and the Heraclitan theory. These theories proved that social change is a combination of systematic factors with some unique or random factors. [6] The Social structure includes the enduring patterns of relationship networks and behavior. Social Psychology includes social cognition, group processes, self-concepts, social influence, aggression, interpersonal processes, stereotypes and attitudes. It helps in analyzing the views and behavior of an individual and their dependency on other individuals to perform the correct thing. References Bernstein D,Psychology(Wadsworth, Cengage Learning 2012) Ciccarelli S and White J,Psychology(Pearson Prentice Hall 2012) Martin G, Carlson N and Buskist W,Psychology(Pearson 2013) Schacter D and others,Psychology(Palgrave Macmillan 2012) Shaver K,Principles Of Social Psychology(Taylor and Francis 2015) Tan L and Montague Jane M,Applied Psychology(World Scientific 2015) [1] Daniel L Schacter and others,Psychology(Palgrave Macmillan 2012). [2] G. Neil Martin, Neil R Carlson and William Buskist,Psychology(Pearson 2013). [3] Kelly G Shaver,Principles Of Social Psychology(Taylor and Francis 2015). [4] Saundra K Ciccarelli and J. Noland White,Psychology(Pearson Prentice Hall 2012). [5] Douglas A Bernstein,Psychology(Wadsworth, Cengage Learning 2012). [6] Kelly G Shaver,Principles Of Social Psychology(Taylor and Francis 2015).