Sex Trafficking, Prostitution, And Prostitution - 1230 Words

Although many believe that slavery was abolished many years ago, it is actually a part of an organized crime that is growing faster than any other. It a deceitful process that tricks many people, mostly women, into believing that they will be safe and secure. It has quite the opposite effects. The form of slavery that is being referred to here is sex trafficking. It is all around the world. Many do not realize that it is happening in their own community. It is happening right here in Saginaw, Michigan. It is categorized with prostitution, but prostitution alone is more of a choice and sex trafficking is forced prostitution. Although the women and men involved are called prostitutes, they are not doing it to make money for themselves. They are forced to do it through their pimps which are the individuals in charge of the prostitution business. Forced sex slavery is in correlation with physical, mental, and emotional abuse. What if prostitution was legal? A woman would be ab le to be a prostitute if she wanted. She could do whatever she wants with her body without the consequence of being arrested. Although, it would be harder to identify if the woman was doing it because she wanted to or doing it because she was forced by a sex trafficker. Would prostitution legalization affect the amount of sex trafficking that is already occurring? If people are educated on sex trafficking and what the signs of it are, we may be able to help those in need. It can also beShow MoreRelatedProstitution, And Sex Trafficking882 Words   |  4 PagesThe participants for this sample will consist of all genders who have a strong idea in prostitution, and sex trafficking. The participants will all consent to a contract to show that they are over the age of 18 given the explicit context of the sincerity of the research, and adhere to the regulations, and policies that will follow. Next, a focused group will be used with all genders to see how each gender is conflicted with the topic at hand. However, to get a better understanding of all participantsRead MoreSex Trafficking And The Legalization Of Prostitution1183 Words   |  5 PagesSex workers, also known as prostitutes, have been victimized domestically and transnationally due to decriminalization of prostitution where those who deciding to engage in prostitution or sex work are unable to be protected, defend themselves, and are victimized. Sex trafficking occurs in victims who are transported and exploited by traffickers who seek to make profit through forced and coerced sex work. Prostitution and sex trafficking are both sexual violent acts that have been used against victimsRead MoreProstitution And Human Sex Trafficking1291 Words   |  6 Pagesshort in protecting ones right to rule over their own body. Prostitution, the exchanging of sexual services for payment, has been specifically outlawed by the State of New York. This direct targeting of the sex trade within New York leaves many people unprotected under the law, both in consensual prostitution and nonconsensual human sex trafficking, while greatly eliminating the potential tax revenue that would be generated. Prostitution, when involving consenting adults, is a victimless crime andRead MoreSex Trafficking : Prostitution, Crime And Exploitation2027 Words   |  9 PagesSEX TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN Sex trafficking is a global problem that involves the exploitation and abuse of girls as well as women. This paper will discuss the problem, with an emphasis on the views expressed by Paola Monzini in her book Sex Traffic: Prostitution, Crime and Exploitation. The paper will look at the causes, consequences and prevalence rates of sex trafficking and will consider the impact of such factors as globalization and women’s poverty in perpetuating the problem or making it worseRead MoreSex Trafficking As A Crime And The Legalizing Of Prostitution1389 Words   |  6 Pages Sex Trafficking as a crime and the legalizing of prostitution Sex trafficking is defined as forced labor or human slavery. Prostitution is defined as the act of offering one s self for hire to engage in sexual relations. Sex trafficking is a severe problem globally, even right here in the United States. While any form of slavery is unjustifiable, human trafficking has been going on for centuries. However, increased awareness of this issue has brought more mindfulness to the situation andRead MoreDomestic Minor Sex Trafficking : Prostitution Or Exploitation?1518 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Minor Sex Trafficking: Prostitution or Exploitation? Although the history of child sex trafficking in developing nations has been widely documented, recently research has revealed that minor sex trafficking (also known as child prostitution) is a growing problem within U.S. borders as well. â€Å"Child prostitution is the sexual exploitation of a minor for profit, which can include money, drugs, or other items of value† (Center for Arizona Policy, 2014). The sexual exploitation of minorsRead MoreThe Cultural Acceptance Of Sex Trafficking And Child Prostitution2068 Words   |  9 Pagesdecades, sex trafficking and child prostitution. Aside from the horrific realism of the stories portrayed throughout the piece, the cultural acceptance and evolution of the epidemic is truly frightening and eye opening. Furthermore, Bales explains how in time, sex trafficking and child prostitution has reached American soil in efforts to expand profits and the market for these young, child slaves. While many steps have been taken by the Uni ted Nations to help condemn slavery and sex trafficking in countriesRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society; the first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreThe Revolution Of New Orleans1453 Words   |  6 Pagesforty-nine, the whores in fifty-one; and when they got together they produced the native son.† This sheds some light as to how long prostitution has been a part of America. Prostitution dates back to the beginning of colonization in the United States, but wasn’t considered a legal act. At the time the laws just didn’t acknowledge what a prostitute or the act of prostitution itself was. In 1721, the French government shipped eighty women to the colony of New Orleans that housed seven hundred men to promoteRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Prostitution And Prostitution981 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Trafficking in Prostitution Prostitution, â€Å"Providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society. The first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, one of the first known civilizations (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s

Process Essay - How to Reduce Plagiarism and Cheating

Process Essay - How to Reduce Plagiarism and Cheating Recent studies have shown that a steadily growing number of students cheat or plagiarize in college -- and the data from high schools suggest that this number will continue to rise. A study by Don McCabe of Rutgers University showed that 74 percent of high school students admitted to one or more instances of serious cheating on tests. Even more disturbing is the way that many students define cheating and plagiarism. For example, they believe that cutting and pasting a few sentences from various Web sources without attribution is not plagiarism. Before the Web, students certainly plagiarized -- but they had to plan ahead to do so. Fraternities and sororities often had files of†¦show more content†¦But there is another way. The first and most important line of defense against academic dishonesty is simply good teaching. Cheating and plagiarism often arise in a vacuum created by routine, lack of interest and overwork. Professors who give the same assignment every semester, fail to guide students in the development of their projects and have little interest in what the students have to say contribute to the academic environment in which much cheating and plagiarism occurs. Consider, by way of contrast, professors who know their students and who give assignments that require regular, continuing interaction with them about their projects -- and who require students to produce work that is a meaningful development of their own interests. These professors create an environment in which cheating and plagiarism are far less likely to occur. In this context, any plagiarism would usually be immediately evident to the professor, who would see it as inconsistent with the rest of the students work. A strong, meaningful curriculum taught by committed professors is the first and most important defense against academic dishonesty. The second remedy is to encourage the development of integrity in students. A sense of responsibility about ones intellectual development would preclude cheating and plagiarizing as inconsistent with ones identity. It is precisely this sense of individual integrity that schools with honor codes seek to promote. Third, studentsShow MoreRelated The World Wide Web and Plagiarism Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe World Wide Web and Plagiarism In the recent past when computers were available to the public, users could easily type a document without having to retype a whole page to correct or add a part to a document. Shortly after that came the Internet where countless pages of documents and information became accessible to nearly everybody. The problem with plagiarism was much smaller and easier to detect before the Internet. Preceding the Internet, plagiarized materials usedRead More The Problem of Internet Plagiarism Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe Problem of Internet Plagiarism In November 2001, CNN reported a case of alleged rampant plagiarism at the University of Virginia involving 72 cases and 148 students. What happened at the University of Virginia is only one of many cases of plagiarism faced everyday all over the world. Plagiarism itself is not a new problem, but the Internet has made a difficult situation even more complex. According to Ryan: Plagiarized work used to be generated through frat house recycling efforts, purchasedRead MoreIs There a Solution? Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pagespeople are trying to devise a master plan, a solution that will end cheating, something so ingenious that it will stop cheating in its tracks. However, I feel we should look at every angle before trying to create a plan to motivate students to stop the cheating. There are many different people with many different reasons or ideas to explain why cheating occurs. These people sometimes have a solution that they think will stop cheating, but it usually revolves around one central theme. I believeRead MorePlagiarism And The Substance And Context Of Academic Dishonesty Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper reviews journal articles on plagiarism and explores the substance and context of academic dishonesty, including self-plagiarism, the nature of plagiarism and how it is perceived by students and faculty. Moreover, how serious of a problem plagiarism really is and why students feel it necessary to cheat. It researches the challenges presented by the huge quantity of information available over the internet. This report also reviews faculty views on academic dishonesty and the many disagreementsRead MorePlagiarism, Cheating And Academic Standards1674 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The demonstration of showing the thoughts of others as your own without referencing known as plagiarism. This is cheating and degrades academic standards. One of the most important contributing factors that make plagiarism a worldwide problem is the simple access to web assets, where all the investigative papers and reports are effectively accessible. It has been evaluated that plagiarism has always been an area of interest for both administrators and teachers when they want efforts of studentsRead MoreThe New Style Of Lecturing Now1243 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic cheating, achieved threw supposition of certain grades, job opportunities and extreme goals have lead to a high percentage of 75% test takers, including graduate students and high schools students that have agreed amongst this crime which surprisingly has being evolving as technology and higher requirements in society grows. The result of heavy workloads, Intense GPAs and risky temptations has resulted in an increase, 2 0% during the 1940s vs. 80% during the 2000s, which has shocked bothRead MoreGen 200 - Academic Integrity Paper2577 Words   |  11 Pagesacademic integrity. College and university administrators have created new policies, codes of conduct, and training programs to counteract the negative impact of the Internet. Several online resources have been created to allow students to check for plagiarism yet the problem persists. Academic dishonesty in all forms was not created by the Internet, but has always existed. Students can employ several strategies to avoid academic dishonesty. Academic integrity or dishonesty remains the choice of eachRead More Plagiarism: A Pestilence in Education Essay1840 Words   |  8 PagesPlagiarism: The Pestilence in Education When I think of plagiarism, I imagine a person literally stealing from another individual. The term plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagi rius, which essentially represents the felony of kidnapping. An individual who kidnaps anothers work is a felon. Obviously, this form of larceny is not as immoral as the form for which one can be imprisoned; however, most educators and honest students view plagiarism in this manner. Within education I conceiveRead MoreCheating Is A Common Thing For People2895 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction This report is about cheating especially in examination. As we know cheating is a common thing for people currently. Every person had done cheating in their life even once. Cheating has been part of our daily life. Although the all knew that cheating is wrong in every way they still do it for maintain or increasing their grade in every examination. From our observation, every person that never do cheating will begin to cheat after they did it even once, and most of them because ofRead More Schools and Education - Understanding the Rise in Apathy, Cheating and Plagiarism3796 Words   |  16 Pagesin Apathy, Cheating and Plagiarism – Understanding the Problem Over the past ten years teachers have witnessed a drop in student preparation and a rise in apathy and cheating. Students who cheat do so from a variety of motives. Making this situation even more difficult is that faculty members do not even define plagiarism the same or punish it consistently (Howard, â€Å"Sexuality† 473). Some surveys even show that teachers simply ignore the problem or do not report plagiarism because: â€Å"they

Critique of the Plan

Question: Discuss the difficulty in implementation, time requirement analysis, cultural change requirement and formation of new institutional structures. Answer: Difficulty in implementation It is easily said than done; implementing a low carbon emission plan would require participation from various stakeholders, such as citizen, government, and private sector at large. Increasing carbon emission entails thoughtfulness from every individual and their participation in restricting the same, through practicing green environment. City structure also impact implementation process, for example Chongqing is highly populated region of China, services are still underdeveloped in the region as it is dominated by agriculture sector (Fridley, Khanna, Hong, 2012) . Further there is involvement of several stakeholders in the process such as government, transport companies, developers and many others; it requires planning and coordination among all. However, if segregation is made, each plan implementation require involvement of specific set of people, therefore there is less involvement. Further, there is no compulsion towards implementing all recommended strategies at a go; rather it is advisable to implement strategies one by one. Therefore, this plan is not difficult to implement, it provides adequate time frame to cover recommended strategies one by one so that they can be give desired outcome. Time requirement analysis Plan for low carbon emission is holistic; it covers wide range of sources that generate carbon emission, reason and solution for the same. However, this plan implementation is a time consuming process. There are certain strategies that will take less time to implement and certain long term. However, there is need for segregating these strategies and evaluate their impact. For instance, in short run government can implement awareness programs for citizens that will help them in understanding long run impact of carbon emission, their role in controlling the same and need for doing so; further implementing energy efficient cars is also short term strategy (cq.gov.cn, 2012). However, changing building strictures will take huge time to implement. Cultural change requirement Changing citizen attitude and habits toward energy efficiency will be tough and time consuming goal. It requires continuous awareness and action by citizens to control carbon emission. For example, collecting garbage in segregating manner require effort by citizens. Further, restructuring of buildings is also a long term goal with short term effect. Restructuring of building is another resource abundance task, which also requires huge capital and other resource. Though this plan provide tax and financial benefits as a tool to attract citizen participation but it is difficult that to save 1 percent of tax people will shift their houses. However, it requires legal regulations which enforce people to take action (Xuezhang, 2007). There is need towards cultural shift in favor energy efficiency economy; still the low carbon idea in Chongqing is at introductory stage. Presently major strategies that are helping low carbon emission are administrative techniques; however, there is risk of carbon trading in the market. Cultural initiatives are require helping people in including change towards energy efficient approach in their daily lifestyle; small initiatives starting from home; office will help in saving huge energy in long run. For instance, there is fear of lock-in-effect also as being resource intensive region has high carbon takes which needs to be lower down; however, it would be time consuming to implement such behavioral and habituated changes in the market. Rising concern among local people will also help in strengthening overall funding also. Therefore, there is need for cultural shift in terms of lifestyle and daily habits(Yuanzhai Hongyu, 2013). Resource intensive Implementing recommended transport plan involves high resource requirement in terms of time, cost, and other factors. Obstacle in transport development is geographical, therefore difficult to remove. Though the Creating a congestion charge zone was effective in London but its success in Chongqing is not assured as there is low availability of alternative mode of transport which makes it less effective; another risk is that people might drive alternative long routes to save congestion charge which might end up leading to more carbon emission and pollution. However the plan for promoting energy efficient cars is very lucrative, it does not require much resource or time (Pettinger, 2011). It will be easy to implement through proper promotional and awareness technique. Though the BRT technique is expected to be effective however developing cable cars is again a time taking strategic action. However, as cable cars were used previously as a mode of transport in Chongqing, it will be a feas ible strategy. Further, funding scheme is effective approach to discourage energy consuming projects in the city and promote energy saving green environment through tax modifications. However the plan represents tax as primary source of fund for implementing this change plan; therefore there is need for planning other ways such as formation of new institutions for carbon efficiency, launching new plans, joining international plans to raise fund. Formation of new institutional structures In order to gather funding for these different programs, there is need for forming new institutional structures that focus on sole issue of carbon emission. However, it is not mandatory, but there is requirement of international program facilitation. For example, partnering with different environmental agencies, international environment or population oriented strategic initiatives (Yvonne, 2014). It is required to increase investment on environmental protection initiatives, technological innovations, and increase popularity of carbon education. Formation of new institutional structure will help in better performance evaluation, focused approach towards this plan. Administration difficulty Though lucrative plans have been set for implementing low carbon emission, funding and regulatory needs but there is lack of detailed analysis that provide information on separate allocation of funding, as it will help in understanding gap between resource availability and requirements. Similarly, there is an advisory system at place but it is recommended to implement performance evaluation system which will help in setting benchmark and evaluate performance towards the same (Khanna, Fridley, Hong, 2013). It is not very difficult to administrate the progress; different technological tools can be used for doing same. Presented project on low carbon emission is a systematic plan that covers different areas of concern, its reason and possible solution. Further execution will require persistent support from various stakeholder and continuous evaluation mechanism to gauge the progress. Bibliography cq.gov.cn. (2012, March). Peoples Government of Chongqing City, 2012. The action plan for Chongqings low carbon pilot city (in Chinese). Retrieved January 13, 2016, from cq.gov.cn: https://www.cq.gov.cn/gw/FaguiQuery/GwShowWithLogo.aspx?gwz=%E6%B8%9D%E5% BA%9C%E5%8F%91gwnh=2009gwqh=95. Fridley, D., Khanna, N. Z., Hong, L. (2012). Review of Chinas Low-Carbon City Initiative and Developments in the Coal Industry. China Energy Group . Khanna, N. Z., Fridley, D., Hong, L. (2013). Evaluating Chinas pilot low-carbon city initiative: national goals and local plans. U.S. Department of Energy. Pettinger, T. (2011, November 7). Pros and Cons of a Congestion Charge. Retrieved January 13, 2016, from www.economicshelp.org: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/143/transport/how-effective-is-a-congestion-charge/ Xuezhang, C. (2007). Experiences and revelations of rresource-based city transformation in foreign countries. Journal of Hubei Normal University, 47-49. Yuanzhai, F., Hongyu, L. (2013). Constraints and Countermeasures: To Promote Low-Carbon Economy Development of Resource-Based Citie. Management Science and Engineering , 41-44. Yvonne, R. (2014). Review: Governing for Sustainable Urban Development. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 244-246.

To Kill A Mocking Bird Essays (974 words) - To Kill A Mockingbird

To Kill A Mocking Bird To Kill A Mockingbird Outcasts, they are part of every society, yet they cause no harm. Society outcasts don't choose their status, instead society it self chooses it for them. An outcast is usually the type of person who is different, and because of their oddity they are rejected. Society seems to tend and discard them on grounds that they aren't what society defines as normal. People casted out are considered a threat to the rest of society, because they endanger the, ?normalcy,? that society continuously struggles to obtain. Rejected from society, some of these outcasts will; isolate themselves, despise and torment others, or try to be accepted in to society by doing whatever necessary. They are often taunted, compared, put up with, restricted, and/or penalized by society for being who they are. All they need to survive is their families, shelter, friends, and sometimes the need for a feeling of acceptance. I feel, on the other hand, while people try so hard to perfect there society, they don't realize their own problems which leads to their downfall in the end. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird there were several model people rejected from society in one way or another. Atticus Finch, one of the main characters in the story, was more of an accepted outcast because he was respected, but was still different from the rest of society. Through out the story Atticus was fairly respected and even in some cases a vital part of society because of his knowledge, and skills. He wasn't like the rest of society which left him out of the clique called society. He kept his thoughts and opinions to himself, did no gossiping of others, minded his own business, and treated everyone as an equal to him if not more. I think he was one of the wisest characters in the story as he always took everything into its proper perspective and stood up for what he believed in. He was more of a positive force towards society than a negative, all ways helping when needed. One of his most respected qualities is always being polite and treating people equally despite their social or society status. Although he wasn't like everyone else he didn't need to be, just to be accepted instead he kept to himself and delivered no threat to societies desired normalcy. In the end the outcome of his actions were accepted by society and Atticus was looked up to by some, but still despised by others. Another character was Tom Robinson, a black man, and the time this story was taking place colored people were discriminated against on terms of race. Tom Robinson was very much one of the out casts of society. He had special laws and rules to obide by because he wasn't white, or the preferred race of the society. He was different because of the color of his skin and that scared the society he lived in. He tried his hardest to be respectful and nice to the white people in order to hopefully be accepted. This led to his downfall as he would of, and did, do anything in order to be accepted. I believe he was smart not to disobey, but he should not have done so much for other people just to have the feeling of belonging. I believe if Tom would have been more aware of the positions and situations he was putting him self in, in order to be accepted, then he could have prevented his predicament. Boo Radley, one of the more mysterious characters in the story, never appeared in front of society instead isolated, or instead the society isolated, himself in his house with family. Boo was abnormal, in a retarded form, his family most likely chose to keep him isolated from society, so that he wouldn't have to deal with their harshness and unacceptance. I believe Boo was one of the smartest characters in this novel despite his handicap, if society didn't want to accept him then it was their problem. As shown in the end of the story when Boo made his first appearance he did nothing, but good to society and only if it was realized sooner he could have been a great contribution to society. Boo was a lucky person to not have had to been tormented by society because of his deformities. Bob Ewell was an uneducated derelict of society. He did no good and was despised by everyone. He

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Study Guide

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Study Guide The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was written by Mark Twain and published in 1876. It is now published by Bantam Books of New York. Setting The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, Missouri on the Mississippi. The novels events occur prior to the Civil War and before the abolition of slavery. Characters Tom Sawyer: the protagonist of the novel. Tom is a romantic, imaginative boy who acts as a natural leader to his contemporaries in the town.Huckleberry Finn: one of Toms friends, but a boy who lives on the outskirts of middle-class society.Injun Joe: the villain of the novel. Joe is a half Native American, a drunkard, and murderer.Becky Thatcher: a classmate of Toms who is new to St. Petersburg. Tom develops a crush on Becky and ultimately saves her from the dangers of McDougalls cave.Aunt Polly: Toms guardian. Plot The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is the story of a young boys maturation. Tom is the undeniable leader of his gang of boys, leading them on a series of escapades drawn from the stories he has read of pirates and thieves. The novel moves from the antics of Toms irrepressible sense of fun to a more dangerous kind of adventure when he and Huck witness a murder. Ultimately, Tom must put aside his fantasy world and do the right thing to keep an innocent man from bearing the guilt of a crime committed by Injun Joe. Tom continues his transformation into a more responsible young man when he and Huck avert the further violence threatened by Injun Joe. Questions to Ponder Examine the development of character through the novel. What does Toms code mean to him, and what else might it represent?How is Huck Finn different from the other boys and how does that add to the novel?Could the characters of the novel be described as stock? Why or why not?How does Tom change from bad to good in the book? Examine the conflict between society and the characters. In what ways do the characters superstitions add to the action of the story?How do the town rituals (Sunday school, Saturday chores, etc.) give rise to the conflict?How are societys expectations in conflict with Toms world of imaginary games and adventures?How does Mark Twain use satire to point out the foibles of society? Possible First Sentences Tom Sawyer, as a character, represents the freedom and innocence of boyhood.The difficulties presented by society can act as a catalyst to maturity.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a satirical novel.Mark Twain is the consummate American story-teller.

University of Southern Indiana SAT Scores, Aid and More

University of Southern Indiana SAT Scores, Aid and More University of Southern Indiana Description: The University of Southern Indiana first opened its doors in 1965 as a regional campus of Indiana State University. Today the 330-acre campus in Evansville is an independent state university. The university is made up of five colleges: business, education and human services, liberal arts, nursing and health professions, and science and engineering. Some of the most popular choices are business, advertising, and education degrees, and professional programs related to business and health are particularly popular among undergraduates. Students can join a number of on-campus groups and activities, including: academic clubs (Art Club, German Club, Philosophy Club); religious groups (Campus Outreach, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Young Life); and recreational clubs (Archery, Jane Austen Society, Table Top Club). On the athletic front, the USI Screaming Eagles compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference. Popular sports include Track and Field, Cross Country, Baseball, and Soccer. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): University of Southern Indiana Acceptance Rate: 92%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 450 / 540SAT Math: 440 / 540SAT Writing: 420 / 525What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 19 / 25ACT English: 18 / 25ACT Math: 18 / 25ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers mean Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 10,668  (9,585 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38% Male / 62% Female71% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $7,605  (in-state); $17,847 (out-of-state)Books: $1,140 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,896Other Expenses: $2,302Total Cost: $19,943  (in-state); $30,185 (out-of-state) University of Southern Indiana Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 89%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 70%Loans: 58%Average Amount of AidGrants: $6,590Loans: $7,213 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Advertising, Art, Business Administration, Elementary Education, Health Services, Marketing, Nursing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 70%Transfer-out Rate: 38%4-Year Graduation Rate: 19%6-Year Graduation Rate: 38% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Baseball, Golf, Soccer, Basketball, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf, Cross Country, Track and Field Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like the University of Southern Indiana, You May Also Like These Schools: Indiana State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBall State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIndiana University - Bloomington: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphButler University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFranklin College: Profile  Bellarmine University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Kentucky: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Louisville: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphValparaiso University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAnderson University: Profile   University of Southern Indiana Mission Statement: mission statement from usi.edu/about/mission-vision USI is an engaged learning community advancing education and knowledge, enhancing civic and cultural awareness, and fostering partnerships through comprehensive outreach programs. We prepare individuals to live wisely in a diverse and global community.

The function of design and how graphic design speaks to society and Essay

The function of design and how graphic design speaks to society and affects human experience in in a broad spectrum - Essay Example Paul Rand’s quote above illustrates the essential nature of communication as it relates to graphic design and the design process as it impacts numerous different forms of the public exchange of ideas. In â€Å"Declaration by Design: Rhetoric, Argument, and Demonstration in Design Practice† (1985), Richard Buchanan wrote, "If one idea could be found central to design studies, it most likely would be communication." (Buchanan, 1985)Thus, design affects the human experience by creating an expanded vocabulary of expression to relate the varying degrees of subjective experience to an audience, and further reflects the need of human beings to express themselves in ever more complex thoughts. Simplicity, in this aspect, can be seen as a design tool that cuts through conceptual elaboration to present an archetypal structure or form. The goal of design is to create new words that are not words but symbols, signs, and images which express a message to society through a language t hat both references and transcends common, everyday speech. In this regard, design can be seen as â€Å"stylized language† and speaks of the complexity of social communication while conveying the message or theme of the designer. Design ultimately is a form of art, yet it can be approached scientifically to determine the characteristics which define it and govern its operations culturally. Martin Buber’s theory of knowledge is based upon the analysis of social forms of communication, and in this theory the symbolic aspects of communication are distinguished from signs that merely describe or point directions as a function of communication by the nature of transcendence. Buber creates a number of social relationships as models showing the importance of communication referencing the subjectivity of the â€Å"other† in its means of taking the individual beyond the self into a transcendent state of understanding and shared experience. As this is the intimate, spirit ual nature of communication that we represent in art, it is rare in practice and the actual functional communication in society is often sign oriented in that it only seeks to inform or direct but not provoke a transcendent experience. As Maurice S. Friedman writes in his book â€Å"Martin Buber: the life of dialogue† (2002): "Subject-object, or I-It, knowledge is ultimately nothing other than the socially objectivized and elaborated product of the real meeting which takes place between man and his Thou in the realms of nature, social relationsm and art.† (Friedman, 2002) Buber’s theory of knowledge is important in understanding the social aspects of communication as they relate to design. For example, social communication that is directed or mediated by the sign can be expected to be functional, utilitarian, and descriptive, designed for the facilitation of personal operations in daily life but not particularly concerned with the transcendent as subject matter. Symbolic communication, in contrast, takes as its subject matter and intention the symbolic aspects of expression that relate to the communication of Truth and the communicator seeks to create a higher state of awareness or understanding in the other. Thus, the design and graphic art process should be evaluated first to determine whether the form of social communication is using a language based on signs, which point to other objects, or of symbols, which transcend themselves in shared subjectivity, when

Marketing Strategy for Hyatt Regency Birmingham Research Paper

Marketing Strategy for Hyatt Regency Birmingham - Research Paper Example There is always a need to understand customers, but luxury hotels need to adapt their brand strategy in order to attract these more cost-conscious customers and look at â€Å"establishing ways of making the same brand more accessible† (Brownsell, 2009). Strategic direction is a challenge faced by all organizations whether there is a recession or not, especially when there exist opportunities or to help overcome major problems (Johnson, 2009: 2).  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Uncertainty is inherent in strategy because nobody can be sure about the future.† (Johnson, 2009: 6) But a strategic direction helps to focus on a course of action and follow an integrated approach based on clear objectives and informed knowledge of the operating environment. This, of course, can affect the organization’s operational decisions, involve a reconsideration of the relationships and networks, and can be complex reorientation requiring considerable change.  Strategic directions at a competitive or bu siness level deal with issues of pricing, competitive advantage, competition, collaboration, game theory etc. Innovation or differentiation, for example, can be done through bettering the quality or an implementing a distinctive distribution channel.  Strategic directions at a corporate level deal with market penetration, consolidation, product development, market development, diversification etc. This includes cost leadership, differentiation, and specialization based on Porter’s generic strategies. It also includes e.g. geographical coverage, diversity of products/services, allocation of resources within the organization, expectations of owners i.e. Shareholders. Portfolio matrices viz. BCG (also known as growth/share), directional policies and other tools were used in the analysis prior to this report.

Lord of Flies (Evil Nature) Essay Example for Free

Lord of Flies (Evil Nature) Essay In life, there are a lot of things that hold people back from doing what they want to do. One of the major things is the laws of society. William Goldings novel, Lord of the Flies, illustrates what would happen without society. The boys behaviors change significantly throughout the novel. The boys carry their civilized behaviors with them to the island but, as time goes by without society, those behaviors are lost. When the boys are first dropped off on the island, they still have their civilized behaviors with them. Shortly after Jack is given the responsibility of leading the hunters, he is given the opportunity to kill a pig. However, Jack hesitates as he begins to â€Å"understand what an enormity the downward stroke would be† (etext) and misses his chance. Jack is still too civilized to kill the pig. The boys are also unable to come to terms with death in general at the beginning of the novel. When the boy with the mulberry birthmark dies, the boys never really talk about it and Ralph doesn’t do a count of the boys because he doesn’t want his death to become real. This illustrates how the boys still feel how normal, young boys feel and that their societal ways are still very much present on the island. As the novel progresses, the boys’ evil nature begins to become more and more present. It starts off with their hunting. Jack goes from not being able to kill a pig because he is hesitant to killing them very violently. The hunters chant, â€Å"Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood† (etext). Although killing an animal doesn’t seem bad, especially because they need to in order to survive, it allows the boys to think that killing is acceptable in general. Which leads to the hunters murdering Piggy and the near death of Ralph. The author of the novel, William Golding, states that the theme of the novel involves the evil nature humans naturally have that is held inside of them because of society. This is true to a certain extent because some of the boys evil nature may be coming from the circumstance they are in. However, this is true because Golding shows as society and civilization deteriorate, so does the boys good human nature. As the boys start to realize there are no laws or other people on the island to hold them back, they start to show their true colors which is the evil nature they possess. The way humans behave is very much controlled by the type of society they are in. In the novel, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the normal society is not present causing the natural evil behaviors humans have to be presented. Eventually, as the boys begin to realize their are no laws holding them back from doing wrong, the boys start to display this evil nature.

The Theme of Freedom in Kafkas Metamorphosis Essay -- Kafka Metamorph

The Theme of Freedom in Kafka's Metamorphosis One of Franz Kafka's most well-known and most often criticized works is the short story, "Die Verwandlung," or "The Metamorphosis." "The Metamorphosis" is most unusual in that the first sentence is the climax; the rest of the story is mainly falling action (Greenburg 273). The reader learns that Gregor Samsa, the story's main character, has been turned into an enormous insect. Despite this fact, Gregor continues to act and think like any normal human would, which makes the beginning of the story both tragic and comical at the same time. However, one cannot help but wonder why Gregor has undergone this hideous transformation, and what purpose it could possibly serve in the story. Upon examination, it seems that Gregor's metamorphosis represents both his freedom from maintaining his entire financial stability and his family's freedom from their dependence upon Gregor. Long before the story takes place, Gregor Samsa's father had a business failure that left him deep in debt. His son, Gregor, works as a commercial traveler for the company to whom he owes money; in effect, Gregor is slowly working off his father's debt. Gregor is not happy with his job, which Greenburg calls "degrading" and "soul-destroying," but believes that his family's existence depends upon him "sacrificing himself by working at this meaningless... job," and so he continues (274). Heinz Politzer goes far enough to say that Gregor is a slave to his boss (276), which would imply that there is no escape for Gregor- at least, no conventional escape. However, Gregor does escape from his life of indentured servancy- by becoming a giant insect. Walter H. Sokel explains the effect of the metamorphosis on his occupat... ...om House, 1963 Greenberg, Martin . The Terror of Art: Kafka and Modern Literature. New York: Basic Books, 1968. Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis and Other Stories. 1st ed. Translated by Stanley Appelbaum. New York: Dover Publications, 1996. Parry, Idris, 'The Talk of Guilty Men' (1981), in: Parry, Speak Silence. Essays, Manchester 1988. Politzer, Heinz, Franz Kafka: Parable and Paradox, Ithaca N.Y. 1962 Sokel, Walter H. The Writer in Extremis, Expressionism in Twentieth-Century German Literature. 1st ed. California: Stanford University Press, 1969. Works Consulted Pawel, Ernst. A Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka. 2nd ed. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1984. Suchoff, David. Critical Theory and the Novel: Mass Society and Cultural Criticism in Dickens, Melville and Kafka. 5th ed. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.

Biotechnology Opportunities In Canada Environmental Sciences Essay

The Canada has witnessed extraordinary progresss in scientific discipline over the last few decennaries. Biotechnology – one such country of growing – is a term covering a wide scope of scientific activities used in many sectors, such as nutrient, wellness and agribusiness. It involves the usage of life beings or parts of life beings to supply new methods of production and the devising of new merchandise, because Canada is an industrial state with a extremely developed scientific discipline and engineering sector. Almost 1.88 % of Canada ‘s GDP is allocated to research & A ; development ( R & A ; D ) . The state has 18 Nobel laureates in natural philosophies, chemical science and medical specialty. Canada has a wealth of natural resources, which can be subjugated by biotechnology. These resources range from the Northern Canada to immense measures of cultivable land. Opportunities exist for biotechnology to use these resources in countries such as health care, agri business and biofuels. The use of biotechnology in this manner has vast socio-economic benefits for the state and may restrain its growing for several old ages to come. The expansive sum of the annual optimistic economic influence of renewable fuels is $ 2.013 billion. In Canada that there was chief net income from renewable fuels in â€Å" rural revival, improved oil exports from western Canada, industrial growing, and cherished option for re-balancing fuel ‘mix ‘ . Canada is a state rich in natural resources of several different signifiers, assortments from the northern Canada to its immense country of arable land with significant mineral resources. There are assorted chances for the use of biotechnology to utilize these resources on together big with little graduated tables. The usage of GM harvests may be used in the bally agribusiness industry to better output with lessening the require for weedkillers, even as on the minor graduated table, canola oil is a promising resource for developing biodiesel, a renewable replacement to fossil fuels in Canada. Canada is one of the some developed states that are exporters of energy. Atlantic Canada has immense offshore sedimentations of natural gas, with Alberta has large oil and gas resources. The tremendous Athabasca Oil Sands provide Canada the universe ‘s 2nd largest oil militias, after Saudi Arabia. The Canadian economic system is conquered by the industries, which employ about 3 quarters of Canadians. Canada is uneven between developed states in the significance of its primary sector, in which the logging with crude oil industries are two of the mainly important. Canada is one of the universe ‘s chief providers of agricultural output ; the Canadian Prairies are one of the chiefly of import manufacturers of wheat, canola, and excess grains. Canada is the chief manufacturer of Zn and U, besides is a planetary resource of legion other natural resources, such as gold, nickel, aluminium, with lead. Numerous towns in northern Canada, where agribusiness is tough, are sustainable as of nearby mines or resource of lumber.AgribusinessCanadian farms, piscaries with spreads produce a wide diverseness of harvests, farm animal, nutrient, provender, fibre, fuel plus other goods by the orderly elevation of workss and animate beings which are dependent upon the geographics of the state. In 2001 farms numbered merely 246,923 at a size of 676A estates ( 2.74A kmA? ) as the production of nutrient and fibre for human or farm animal nutriment has evolved into intensive and industrial patterns. As of 2002, wheat constituted the largest harvest country at 12.6 % . Canadian husbandmans received a record $ 36.3 billion in 2001 from farm animal, harvest gross revenues and plan payments. In 2001, the accumulated net income of farm operators from farm production amounted to 1,633 million dollars, which amounts to 0.147 % of Canada ‘s gross domestic merchandise at market monetary values, which is 1,108,200 million dollars. Fisheries are besides playing an of import function while forestry plays a secondary function. Canada ‘s development has abandoned subsistence techniques and now sees a mere 3 % of Canada ‘s population employed as a mechanised industrial husbandman who are able provender the remainder of the state ‘s population of 30,689.0 thousand people ( 2001 ) every bit good as export to foreign markets. ( After the EU ( 27 ) , the U.S. and Brazil, Canada accounts for 3.5 % of entire universe agribusiness and agri-food exports. World Agricultural and Agri-food Export Share by Country of Origin, 2006 Once considered a sphere harvest in Canada, canola ( Brassica Tragulus Javanicus ) has presently evolved into a first hard currency harvest. Per annum, Canada exports 3.4 million metric dozenss of seeds, 706,000 dozenss of canola oil with 1.15 million dozenss of canola repast ( Source-Canola Council of Canada 2008 ) The Production with Price influence of Biotech Corn, Canola, plus Soybean Crops in Biotech harvests have at this clip been adult commercially on a considerable worldwide graduated table of all time since 1996 in Canada. There is a survey traveling on the influence on cosmopolitan production, ingestion, trade, and monetary values in the soya bean, canola, and maize sectors. The survey propose that universe monetary values of maize, soya beans, with canola would most probably be, correspondingly, 5.8 % , 9.6 % , plus 3.8 % higher, on norm, than 2007 baseline tallness if this engineering was no longer accessible to husbandmans. Monetary values of agencies imitative of soya beans ( repast with oil ) would every bit good be among 5 % and 9 % elevated, with rapeseed repast with oil monetary values being refering 4 % higher than baseline tallness. Globe monetary values of affiliated cereals plus oil-rich seeds would excessively be likely to be elevated by 3 % to 4 % . ( All figures & A ; facts from-Brookes, Graham ; Yu, Tun Hsian ; Tokgoz, Simla, Elobeid, Aman The Production and Price Impact of Biotech Corn, Canola, and Soybean Crop Agbioforum Contents of volume 13, figure 1 ) Canada ‘s canola concerns add up over $ 11 billion in economic action to the Canadian wealth. In the 5crop old ages initial in 2000-2001, Canada shaped a criterion of 6.2 million dozenss of canola seed /year. In the similar period, Canada annually exported 3.4 million dozenss of canola seeds, 706,000 dozenss of canola oil plus 1.15 million dozenss of canola nutrient. The whole worth of canola seed, oil with repast exports is sing $ 2 billion. Depending lying on the twelvemonth, canola is furthermore Canada ‘s first or else 2nd chiefly cherished grassland harvest. Further than 52,000 Canadian husbandmans produce canola ; produce economic motion of $ 1.4 billion in Ontario with Quebec, plus $ 7.5 billion in western Canada. Canola is every bit good adult in the north cardinal plus southeasterly United States. Canola-based bio Diesel concerns within Canada base for the opportunity to bring forth $ 620 million in capital investing in this state plus infix an excess $ 2.4 billion keen on the economic system per annum. FIGURE 2 ( SOURCE-IMAGE-www.canolainfo.org )Main canola-based bio Diesel provider:Blue Sun Bio Diesel Canadian Bio energy Corporation Milligan Bio-Tech Inc Bio Fuel Canada Limited During December 2006 the cardinal authorities proclaim clasp of a countrywide renewable fuel program mission for a 5 % renewable fuel norm in every Canadian fuel, every bit good as a 2 % permission for renewable within Diesel through 2012.Canada ‘s canola agriculturists are complete to construct a Canadian biodiesel concern occur now. More than the past 40 old ages they have construct the canola industry get downing the place up to a $ 14 billion-a-year concern in Canada, plus international clients are by now looking for Canadian canola as an attractive feedstockGM CROPSIn twelvemonth 2004, the united States have refering 9 times the figure of hectares of GM harvests than Canada. This is perchance non amazing, because the United States has well excess farming area than Canada. Though, it is value observing to because 1997, Canada have improved the figure of square hectares faithful to GM harvests through sing four epoch contrast to United States, which has full-grown its devote d part through refering six times. Canada is at rest tierce in the Earth in whole figure of hectares of GM harvests, following the United States plus Argentina. Chart 3 ( Source-Trefor Munn-Venn and Paul Mitchell, Biotechnology in Canada: A Technology Platform for Growth Report December 2005. ) Accessible statistics propose that Canada has the chiefly developed biofood-processing part, by the chief grosss ( $ 1.3 billion in 2003 ) , most figure of house ( 54 ) , highest investing in R & A ; D ( $ 23 million in 2003 ) plus the chiefly employees ( 761 ) . This is individual country anyplace the excess higher statistics assortment ability of figures Canada differentiate Canada from the remainder of the Earth. It is clear that there is immense chance for biotechnology in agribusiness in the coming old ages. The acceptance of more GM harvests will heighten the increasing possible output brought approximately by the use of a immense country of new land, which could potentially make an excess 100 million hectares, fuelled by the continued demand from strong domestic and international markets, peculiarly from China. In order for the immense potency for biotechnology in agribusiness to be realized in Canada certain barriers must be overcome one such issue is whether the acceptance of GM harvests is more economical to the smaller scale manufacturer, every bit good as to big GM harvest bring forthing corporations. It is clear that there is immense chance for biotechnology in agribusiness in the coming old ages. The acceptance of more GM harvests will heighten the increasing possible output brought approximately by the use of a immense country of new land, which could potentially make an excess 100 million hectares, fuelled by the continued demand from strong domestic and international markets, peculiarly from China, who confirmed soybean importing for five old ages from 2008, deserving 25 % of the US $ 1.7 billion worth of entire exports to China each twelvemonth [ James, 2008 ] . Canada histories for further than half of universe trade in canola seed, repast, with oil. Canadian manufacturers continue to spread out canola country and production. Demand scenario expression strong due to developing usage of vegetable oils in China and India with canola-oil-based biodiesel usage in the EU. The Canadian suppression industry is increasing fast to keep increased insist for canola oil. In the following 2 old ages, farther than 1.5 million metric dozenss of canola oppressing capacity is predictable to be develop in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Several of the increased canola oil could be used to bring forth biodiesel. Canada controls the universe canola export trade, with a market portion of 71 per cent in the three old ages to 2005-06. Although GM assortments comprise 79 per cent of Canada ‘s canola production, virtually all of the state ‘s export canola is considered to be GM because there is no segregation of GM and non-GM harvests. This did non halt its exports making record degrees in 2006.Biobased economic systemCanada ‘s biobased economic system with its chief constituents ( Figure 4 ) , one sees a mix of all four biobased economic system major sub- sectors. Lead through the wellness, medical specialty, with pharmaceutical subdivision, it is followed through agribusiness and harvest production. Canada ‘s crop-production division GDP is about $ 14.7 billion, by 17.3 million estates of genetically modified harvests out of 74.6 million entire estates of chief cropland. Canadian husbandmans, manufacturers, with clients are on mean therefore in a superior place to reap the returns linked with the credence of following coevals industrial biotech procedures, including biofuels along with biorefining procedures. The utilize of GMOs is opening the door to industrial biotechnology addition in these developing economic systems, all through, for illustration, chance to make biofuel feedstock ‘s and to use in biorefining, with production of higher-yield besides higher-value harvests.BIOFUELCanada look like the US in its market-oriented economic system, sample of production, and affluent life criterions. Development of the fabrication, excavation, and service sectors has changed the state from a chiefly rural economic system into an industrial, metropolitan economic system. Canada ‘s GDP in 2006 was about $ 1.18 trillion ( a‚ ¬0.8 trillion ) . Canada is a state wealthy in fossil fuel resources. In 2000, 39 % of Canada ‘s chief energy was from crude oil, 28 % from natural gas besides 13 % from coal. 11 % was by renewable hydropower, and merely 6 % from renewable biomass. Forecast for the following twosome of decennaries are for a biomass portion of 6-9 % . As given in Fig 5, 28 % of bring forthing ability from renewable resources by biomass. Bioenergy production semen from a wide scope of beginnings: common heat and power, gasification, pyrolysis, landfill gas, ethyl alcohol from grain besides cellulose.Biomass ResourcesWoody Biomass Forest biomass may be by and large divided into 2 group ; mill residue plus forest residue tops, subdivisions and foliages from crop with thinning operations that are left in the wood or at wayside after delimbing. In Ontario, a bark boiler undertaking at the Abitibi-Bowater mush & A ; paper factory in Ft. Frances is presently below building. It plans to devour about 230,000 ODt of factory residues.Agricultural ResiduesFarmlands occupy 67.5 M hour angle ( million hectares ) in Canada, approximately 6.7 % of the whole land base. Crops are grown-up on 36.4 M hour angle, or 54 % of farming area. Agricultural activity produces 1000000s of metric tons of biomass annually, which may be classified as: virgin biom ass- grown for energy, besides waste biomass- residuary fraction of primary crop, and farm animal wastes. . Residues recoverable and sustainably removable were predictable at 29.3 Odt yearly, though some of this goes to conventional utilizations such as carnal bedclothes and mulching.Ethanol FeedstockIn Canada 70 % of ethyl alcohol is complete by maize in Eastern Canada, with 30 % is by from wheat in Western Canada. Ontario is the major corn-producing part in Canada, and soon 60 % of Canadian ethanol industry is in Ontario. . An expected 8.4 million metric tons of maize were usage for nutrient and 635,000 metric tons were used for ethyl alcohol. To piece the feedstock supply necessary through the ethyl alcohol workss working in 2009, 2.9 million metric tons maize may be desired.Biodiesel FeedstockA 2 % federal biodiesel mandate may change the feedstock attitude for biodiesel. In 2007 feedstocks for biodiesel constitutional 35 million liters of carnal fats with 18 million liters of i mported thenar oil. Plentiful canola and soya beans may be used, but these harvests are priced as nutrient oils in planetary markets and bear a high monetary value. Canola is in high bid as healthy oil through the nutrient industry. Rendered oils, rendered carnal fats and palm oil are monetary value as provender and fabrication usage and bear a lower monetary value. Industry beginnings have expected that the 250 million liters of biodiesel require by the mandate in 2012 may be manufactured from family animate being fats, and 250 million liters by imported thenar oil, separating canola and soya bean oil for nutrient. 2004 Canada had 78.9 GW of ability from renewable beginning. 67 % was from conventional hydro, 23 % was from small- impact ( little ) hydro, and 9.4 % was from biomass. Of biomass capacity, approximately 26 % ( 1938 MW ) was electrical and 76 % ( 5454 MW ) was thermic. The industry of a whole of 2.25 billion liters of renewable fuels annually. A net annual economic net income of $ 1.473 billion to the Canadian economic system crossways Canada, numbering $ 14.1 million to municipal authoritiess, $ 108.8 million to regional authoritiess, and $ 111.8 million to the cardinal authorities. An predictable annual benefit of $ 540 million in excess oil exports that are likely as of western Canada biofuels manufacture.The ethyl alcohol and biodiesel industry inside Canada produce about $ 2.2 billion a twelvemonth. The workss produced 14,000 occupations, and every the workss may keep about 1,000 stable occupations.HealthWith a 9 % annual growing rate, Canada is the 3rd highest lifting market in the universe for pharmaceuticals. The sector net income from Canada ‘s booming biotechnology industry that gives fuels to pharmaceutical companies ‘ growing. Include to these advantages well-educated employees with really trained scientists and technicians, every bit good as business-friendly direction policies, and it ‘s non amazing that about every chief pharmaceutical company has developed and/or R & A ; D operation in Canada.latest Investing within CANADACharles River Laboratories International, of Massachusetts, may open a presymptomatic services service in Quebec in 2009, which is eventually likely to use 1,000 people. Sanofi Pasteur spended $ 100 million in a fresh R & A ; D ability in Ontario in 2008. GlaxoSmithKline invested excess than $ 178 million in Canadian R & A ; D in 2007 entirely. Sandoz, a divider of the Novartis Group, open a fabrication works in Quebec in 2008, division of its $ 80 million investing publicize in 2007. Boehringer Ingelheim finished a $ 36 million investing in novel, advanced research labs in Quebec during 2008. Canada plays a chief function in the world-wide biopharmaceutical industry, with specific power in research and development ( R & A ; D ) , clinical tests with fabrication. All of the acme 10 international pharmaceutical companies, in conditions of grosss, have operations in Canada, legion with R & A ; D and fabricating mandate. In 2007, world-wide biopharmaceutical gross revenues amounted to US $ 663.5 billion. That similar twelvemonth, the Canadian biopharmaceuticals sector witnessed gross revenues of $ 17.6 billion and exports of about $ 6.3 billion. About 80 per centum of these exports were control to the U.S. market. In 2007, Canada was domicile to 397 pharmaceutical with 404-biotechnology organisation, using about 29,000 people crossways the state. Canada has the 2nd top figure of biotechnology companies in the Earth and is home to several of the largest recognized bunchs in the pharmaceutical industry. Authorized counts of constitutions classified as pharmaceutical industrialized. Below chart explain Toronto and Montreal compare healthy to Jersey City, New Jersey, one of the chiefly celebrated pharmaceutical industry base inside North America.ChapterDecisionBiotechnology has been described as a Canadian chief concern in visible radiation of its acknowledgment for possible to drive sustainable growing. This is chiefly due to its immense influence on the ways in which natural resources may be exploited and the properties on the environment. The sheer wealth of different natural resources at Canadians remotion may surely drive its growing for old ages to come provided that such resources are used responsibly. Biotechnology might hold a immense influence on the health care sector throughout the usage of biodiversity form the chief Canadian rain forest as a natural resource. This mostly unknown resource might supply tremendous benefits for the wellness industry and economic system of Canadian for old ages to come ought to it be found to include new drug campaigners between its tremendous biodiversity. Net income of biotechnology in the agribusiness industry are antecedently being seen and may keep to cultivate as Canada extra exploits its immense land country, lifting its exports of chief harvests such as canola, turning GDP, whilst supplying farther nutrient besides generate more occupations for many biotechnology alumnuss. The utilize of biotechnology in the Biofuel/biodiesel industry together generates a renewable, sensible beginning of energy, whilst cut downing the influence on the environment signifier the combustion of fossil fuels. Even as the feeling on the usage of natural resources itself is profound, this industry besides has immense economical deduction for Canada, which has traditionally relied on imports for the size of its energy demands, plus hence progress energy security. Further industries such as biomining may besides play a function in the development of Canada in the upcoming by heightening the ability to work the valuable metals present at that place. Canada seems to be a typical illustration of how the development of natural resources utilizing biotechnology can be used to significantly drive the growing and development of the state, and it may merely be a affair of clip before Canada is considered developed, sing the renewable resources at its disposal, and the procedures in topographic point to work them. The economic influence of Canadian renewable fuel workss, with the effects is incontestable ; ethyl alcohol and biodiesel in Canada are driving growing. Canada ‘s latest renewable fuel criterion is presenting on its assure of occupations, investing plus growing.

Human Intervention

Humans destroy this planted called earth by building things and producing things they make good lovely places look really bad and make the sky's look dark and cloudy by producing smoke and smog into the sky's by the building. Before humans the days were warm, the were mountain and valleys with rivers the flowed though them the grass was green. Greener then what it will be again. There were berry bushes and Trees that had all sorts of fruit on them, like apples, bananas, mangoes and oranges. The rivers were sparkling blue and flowed through the mountains like birds fly though the sky.The sky's had very little clouds and the sun was shining bright. But then the humans came. Animals were the cutest things ever they played around with each other there were zebras', horses, and donkeys eating the grass giraffes eating the leaves from the tallest trees. Clown fish swimming in the rivers. And the turtles slowly making there way around. Dogs and cats got along and played with the fruit that fell from the trees . But then the humans came. Humans came and decided to chop town the trees that birds lived in the giraffes ate from that cats and dogs played with the fruits that use to fall from them.They left the litter on the ground and the zebras, horse and donkeys chock on. And dumped the trash in the waters where the fishes wither dies or had to move away to furan areas. The animals couldn't drink from the rivers because of all the Junk and waste that was being polluted into them. So all the animals had to leave some got captured and get as pets on chains with little food and water. I don't like what the humans did but we can't help that's its already been done. But we could be living in a town that properly use to be a paradise and homes to other living things. The End

Last Time Consecutive Democratic Presidents Were Elected

Last Time Consecutive Democratic Presidents Were Elected Political analysts and Beltway pundits can debate the obstacles facing Democrats in the 2016 presidential election. But theres one inescapable truth facing the partys nominee, no matter if its Hillary Clinton or Elizabeth Warren or Julian Castro: Voters rarely elect someone from the same party for consecutive terms. â€Å"Mostly, the White House flips back and forth like a metronome. Voters just get tired after eight years,† the writer Megan McArdle wrote. Explains political analyst Charlie Cook: They tend to conclude that it is time for a change, and they trade the in party for the out party. In fact, since American politics evolved into what we know as the current two-party system, the last time voters elected a Democrat to the White House after a president from the same party had just served a full term was in 1856, before the Civil War. If thats not enough to scare of presidential hopefuls in the Democratic Party who want to succeed two-term President Barack Obama, what is? Last Democrat to Succeed a Democrat The last Democrat elected to succeed a Democratic president was James Buchanan, the 15th president and the only one ever to come from Pennsylvania. Buchanan succeeded President Franklin Pierce. Youd have to go back even further in history to find the most recent instance of a Democrat being elected to succeed a two-term president from the same party. The last time that happened was in 1836 when voters elected  Martin Van Buren to follow  Andrew Jackson. This, of course, does not include the four terms of Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt; he was elected to the White House in 1932 and re-elected in 1936, 1940 and 1944. Roosevelt died less than a year into his fourth term, but he is the only president to have served more than two terms. Why It's so Rare There are very good explanations for why voters rarely choose a president from the same party for three consecutive terms. The first and most obvious one is fatigue with and unpopularity of the president who is completing his second and final term at the time of the election for his successor. That unpopularity often sticks to the candidate of the same party. Just ask some of the Democrats who sought unsuccessfully to succeeded Democratic presidents including  Adlai Stevenson in 1952) Hubert Humphrey in 1968 and, most recently, Al Gore in 2000.   Another reason is distrust of people and parties who hold power for too long. The distrust of people in power ... dates back to the age of the American Revolution and the mistrust of hereditary rulers with no curbs on their powers, wrote the National Constitution Center. What It Meant in 2016 The rarity of presidents from the same party being elected consecutively is not lost on political analysts when it came to the 2016 presidential election. Many believed the success of Hillary Clinton, who was the most likely contender for Democratic nominee, hinged on who the Republicans chose. Opined the New Republic: The Democrats could benefit if the Republicans nominate a relatively inexperienced right-winger or someone who possesses the temperament of a high school football coach rather than a president ... If they opt for an experienced centrist in 2016  -   Florida’s Jeb Bush is the obvious example  -   and if the party’s right wing doesn’t demand he toe the line, they could stand a good chance of reclaiming the White House and of confirming Americans’ reluctance to keeping the same party in the White House three terms in a row.

What Subjects Are on the SAT

What Subjects Are on the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking the SAT soon or beginning your preparations but aren’t sure what’s on the test?You may know that there’s math, some reading, and maybe an essay you need to write, but what subjects are on the SAT, exactly? In this guide, we’ll break down the subjects you need to know to do well on each section of the SAT as well as explain what SAT Subject Tests are, how they're different from the regular SAT, and who needs to take them. We'llend with tips you should follow when studying for the SAT. SAT Overview: Sections and Timing Before we start looking in-depth at what subjects are on the SAT, let’s first get a broad overview of what the SAT covers. There are three main sections on the SAT: Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. There is also an optional essay. Section Minutes Given Number of Questions Reading 65 52 Writing and Language 35 44 Math 80 58 Essay (Optional) 50 1 Total 3 hours, 50 minutes (3 hours without the essay) 154 (+1 essay prompt) The SAT sections will always go in this order, beginning with Reading and ending with (if you choose to take it), the SAT Essay.The Math section is divided into two groups, the first of whichyou can’t use a calculator (25 minutes and 20 questions), and the second, where a calculator is allowed (55 minutes and 38 questions). Below, for each section of the SAT, I’ll explain what subjects it covers. What Subjects Are on the SAT Reading? All questions on SAT Reading are based on passages.The SAT Reading section contains five passages with 52 multiple-choice questions, which means there will be about 10-12 questions for each passage.Some passages are paired with other passages, and some have graphics, such as tables, graphs, and charts accompanying them. There will be at least one passage from each of the following topics: U.S. or world literature U.S. founding document or a text inspired by one Social science (such as economics, psychology, sociology, etc.) Science (Earth science, biology, chemistry, or physics) SAT Reading tests the following skills: Command of Evidence:Finding evidence in a passage that supports the answer to a question. Words in Context:Use context clues to determine the meaning of a word. Analysis in History/Social Science and Science:Examine hypotheses, interpret data, and consider implications Subjects This Section Covers Even though the SAT Reading passages will be on different subjects such as literature, science, and social science, you don’t need to worry about having any prior knowledge on what each passage discusses. You'll be able to answer all the questions based on information provided in the passage, so you don’t need to worry about memorizing information on biology, U.S. documents, etc. beforehand. The SAT Reading section primarily tests critical reading skills such as the ability to read a passage and understand the conclusions the author makes, being able to understand what certain vocabulary means, and the ability to analyzethe relationship between graphics and the passages theyaccompany. The skills you use for this section are similar to the skills you use in your English classes when you're reading a book, article, or other form of writing. For both your class and the exam, you'll need to be able to analyze the piece of writing and the author's intentions. What Subjects Are on the SAT Writing and Language? Like the Reading section, all questions in the SAT Writing and Language are based on passages.There will be four passages and a total of 44 questions, which means each passage will be followed by 11 questions. Each passage will each cover one of the following subjects: Careers, Social Studies, Humanities, and Science. Careers passages could discuss trends or debates in major professional fields, such as medicine, technology, or business. Social studies passages might focus on topics from history, anthropology, psychology, political science, or sociology. Humanities passages could feature an author or explore trends in literature, drama, art, music, or dance. Science passages will focus on Earth science, biology, chemistry, or physics. The passages will either be argument-based, explanatory, or nonfiction narrative.Also, at least one passage will also be accompanied by a diagram, such as a chart, table, or graph.Each of these passages will be riddled with errors in punctuation, word choice, sentence structure, and organization. The questions in this section will ask you to identify and fix these errors. SAT Writing covers four major skills areas: Command of Evidence, Words in Context, Expression of Ideas, and Standard English Conventions. About 24 questions will focus on Command of Evidence, Words in Context, and Expression of Ideas. These questions ask about development, organization, and effective language use.About 20 questions will focus on Standard English Conventions. These questions ask about sentence structure, usage, and punctuation. Subjects This Section Covers SAT Writing and Language questions focus on three main subject areas. You've likely covered these three subjects in your English or Writing classes as you write and edit your work and other's work. Grammar These questions will test your ability to fix grammar errorsand correctly identify errors in verb tenses and forms, pronoun agreement, subject-verb agreement, run-on sentences and fragments, idioms, and punctuation rules. Grammarquestions make up about 45% of the Writing and Language section. Style Style questions test your ability to analyze word choice, sentence construction, and paragraph construction. These questions make up about 7% of the section. Reading Comprehension For reading comprehension questions in this section, you'll need to be able to understandwhy certain words or sentences are used in a given passage or if they should be replaced with other words or sentences. Reading Comprehension questions make up approximately 48% of the section. What Subjects Are on the SAT Math? SAT Math is composed of two sections. The first, during which you will have no calculator, is 25 minutes and consists of 15 multiple-choice questions and 5 grid-in questions. The second section, during which a calculator is allowed, is 55 minutes and has 30 multiple-choice questions and 8 grid-ins, including an Extended Thinking question. College Board sorts the question types into three main subject areas: Heart of Algebra Passport to Advanced Math Problem Solving and Data Analysis There is also a fourth category, called Additional Topics, which includes about 10% of the SAT Math section and includes questions on geometry, basic trigonometry, and complex numbers. Subjects This Section Covers SAT Math covers 24 main topics, within four main sections. The first two sections below, basic algebra and advanced algebra, both fit within the College Board's "Heart of Algebra" subject area. Basic Algebra Linear functions Single variable equations Systems of linear equations Absolute value Advanced Algebra Manipulating polynomials Quadratic equations Dividing polynomials Exponential functions Function notation Solving exponential equations Solving exponential equations Problem Solving and Data Analysis Ratios and proportions Scatterplots and graphs Categorical data and probabilities Experimental interpretation Median, median, mode, standard deviation Additional Topics Coordinate geometry - lines and slopes Coordinate geometry - nonlinear functions Geometry - circles Geometry - lines and angles Geometry - solid geometry Geometry - triangles and polygons Trigonometry Complex numbers The majority of questions (over half) will be on algebra, so this is the subject you should focus most of your studying on. A maximum of 10% of questions will cover geometry and trigonometry, and these questions will ask only basic questions on these subjects, so if you haven’t taken classes in either of them, you should still be able to learn the information you need to know fairly easily. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! What Subjects Are on the SAT Essay? If you choose to take the SAT Essay (it’s the only optional section on the exam), you will have 50 minutes to plan and write one complete essay. For the essay, you will be given a passage by an author who has taken a stance on an issue. Your job will be to analyze how to author builds her argument. Subjects This Section Covers For the SAT Essay, you’ll use many skills similar to those you usein your English classes when writing standard five-paragraph essays.Major skills essay graders look for are your ability to analyze an argument and understand how evidence and rhetorical devices contribute to an argument. While you’ll want your essay to be clear and easy to understand, a few minor spelling and grammar errors won’t lose you points, so you don’t have to worry about your essay being technically perfect. What Are the SAT Subject Tests? What Do They Cover? The College Board also offers 20 different SAT Subject Tests within five main areas.SAT Subject Tests are meant to measure your knowledge and skills in a specific area. This is in contrast to the regular SAT which (as you read above) assess multiple subjects. Only some colleges require or recommend submitting Subject Test scores, so be sure to check the guidelines of the schools you’re applying to before you begin preparing for a Subject Test. Below are the 20 different Subject Tests currently offered. English Literature History U.S. History World History Languages Chinese with Listening French French with Listening German German with Listening Italian Japanese with Listening Korean with Listening Latin Modern Hebrew Spanish Spanish with Listening Mathematics Mathematics Level 1 Mathematics Level 2 Science Biology E/M Chemistry Physics How to Prepare for the Subjects on theSAT: 3 Further Tips Knowing what subjects are on the SAT will help you become more comfortable and familiar with the exam, which will likely help your score. Follow these three additional tips to be sure you’re getting the most out of your SAT prep. Answer High-Quality Practice Questions Now you know which subjects are on the SAT, but you still need to be familiar with SAT questions.Just knowing that algebra, geometry, and trig will be on SAT Math isn’t enough; you’ll want to know how questions on each of these subjects are worded in order to become really familiar with the SAT and maximize your score. Answeringlots of practice questions is the best way to do this.You can use questions from practice exams (discussed more below), or from a high-quality SAT prep book. Take Complete Practice Exams During your studying, you’ll want to take at least one (and ideally at least three to four) complete practice SAT.Taking complete practice SATs is important because it gives you the most realistic idea of what the real SAT will be like.You’ll learn how testing for several hours affects you, if you get tired and distracted towards the later sections, and, after you score your exam, you’ll have a good idea of how well you’d do on the actual SAT. You'll also get to experience switching between the different subjects the SAT tests and learn how well you manage that. Be sure to take your SAT under realistic testing conditions. That means take the test all in one sitting, timed, and with minimal distractions.Try to use official practice tests since they’ll be the closest to the real SAT. We have links to several free and official SAT practice tests you can use. Target Your Weak Areas When you’re studying for the SAT, make sure you’re spending most of your time on the areas you need to improve in the most.After each practice exam or set of practice problems you complete, go through the questionsand figure out which subjects you’re making most of your mistakes in. Try to get as specific as possible. Maybe your SAT Math section is your lowest score, but which questions exactly are you getting wrong? Maybe you’re nailing the algebra questions but get tripped up geometry, for example. This is where your knowledge of the subjects on the SAT will come in handy because you’ll be able to more easily identify the areas you need to improve in the most. After you’ve figured out which subjects you can improve the most in, spend most of your time on these areas. By doing so, you’ll likely see score improvements more quickly. Conclusion: What Subjects Are on the SAT Test? The SAT has three major sections that will test your skills in reading comprehension, writing and grammar, and math.Each of these sections includes material from several different subjects that you should be comfortable with. Knowing which subjects are on the SAT will help you be better prepared for the test. To help with your studying, you should also complete high-quality practice problems and practice exams and pinpoint your weak areas so that your studying is effective and focused. What's Next? Wondering what a good SAT score is? Learn how to set a score goal based on the schools you want to get into. Want access to more practice SATs? We have links tofree and official SAT practice tests you can use during your studying! Thinking about using Khan Academy for SAT prep?Khan Academy can be a great resource if you know how to use it correctly. Read our guide to learn how to make the best use of Khan Academy! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Persuasive Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Persuasive Speech - Essay Example Most significantly, over speeding victims always have something to explain and justify their character. On may say that he has an urgent issue, he did want to settle it out. Another on may quote that he was just experimenting on the far speed extent of his car. All these are excuses, and the drivers should just take responsibility. Over speeding has been the foundation of most accidents in United States of America. This is despite the having different areas in the roadside where the road sign are well labelled and indicative of the speed limits. The drivers are ignorant of these signs. Despite having received intensive training and education while driving lessons. Drivers are always adamant to observe such road signs. First, over speeding has led to many deaths after crashes. The impact caused by an over speeding vehicles is high, and it may cause damage to body organs. Trauma is inevitable in all circumstances. Research has indicated that most road accidents survivors do suffer from long-term disability secondary to organs system failure. Death often ensues. Secondly, the affected families do suffer from psychological trauma. They need counselling to recover from the fateful events. Others have immense burden to care for the families left after the loss of the loved ones. The government is also losing great resourceful people through accidents emanating from overspending. A lot of resources are consumed in taking care of the disabled and the hospital bills for all the victims of accidents resulting from over speeding. It is clear that over speeding is just a burden not only to the country but also to the affected families as a whole. All this happens when the driver just decides to have a moment of pleasure for a few seconds via over speeding, consequently threatening his life and that of others (Clarke et al., pg. 877). Safe driving should be the goal of every driver. Over speeding

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Supply chain management - Essay Example Earlier, companies were individual entities that gained profit for itself and were based on specified strategy of their production programs, which was not necessarily connected to the external world. However, in the future, companies will either be trading partners where the companies are linked to selected partners through exchange program, or the companies will have integrated supply chain management, which can build relationship with customers and suppliers. Christopher (1998) found competition is not within firms but between the supply chains. The main difficulty is to develop SCM, which not only creates effective relationship with supplier and customers but also is transparent, definable, demonstrable, tangible and communicable for the involved parties. Organizations have been making use of collection of methods, tools, techniques and programs for SCM. Fisher (1997) found two distinctive approaches in supply chain - efficient supply chain and responsive supply chain. The applica tion of SCM improves efficiency of industries and the target is to improve competiveness and profitability (Ellram 1991; Cooper et al. 1997; Persson 1997; Christopher 1998; Mentzer 2001). 2. Supplier Partnerships Working with suppliers provides an opportunity to acquire high quality products and services. Additionally, long term loyalty can be developed. The concept of JIT becomes significant in this regard where the raw materials are delivered on need and not before. Deming (1986) claimed building long-term relationship with suppliers can ensure improved products delivery. For long term commitment, the organization needs to be involved and each party has to contribute to the process of production and manufacturing. The supplier and buyer both need to understand that ultimately the goal is to satisfy the customers and hence, the decision should be made as a team. Various types of sourcing are used for supplier partnership such as single sourcing and multiple sourcing. In case of mul tiple sourcing, the products are delivered through competition. Further, it also reduces the disruption of work. Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa’s (1980) ten principles on supplier and buyer relationship include: 1. Customer and supplier are responsible for quality control. 2. Customer and supplier should respect the independence of other. 3. Supplier is entitled to get complete information from the customer. 4. The contract should be based on quality, price, quantity, method of delivery and payment terms. 5. Supplier should provide the quality desired by the customer to ensure satisfaction. 6. The quality should be determined through mutual consent. 7. The settlement of disputes should be made through agreement. 8. Frequent exchange of information should be promoted to improve the service or product quality. 9. The partner should be involved in procurement, inventory planning and production. 10. The interest of end users should be considered above all. In the case - NOSC has a proposal t o enter into ULV’s partnering agreement for office supplies; offering discounts between 50% and 70% will help to reduce total costs of acquisition of supplies. Additionally, it would provide daily deliveries of supplies to users. In return, ULV will use NOSC exclusively for the purchase of office supplies. It can be concluded the partnership is beneficial for both the parties. 3. Supplier Partnership

Competetive Strategy - Hansen Natural Corporation Essay

Competetive Strategy - Hansen Natural Corporation - Essay Example An US firm Hansen Natural Corporation which markets soft drinks and beverages is considered for the purpose of our analysis. Soft drinks market is a highly competitive market in US and there are numerous small and large competitors already present in this industry. Policies are also suggested which will be useful for the company in the value creation over the next four years. One of the most critical issues regarding a business is the identification and development of a sustainable competitive advantage. It is much more critical when the business in concern is a small and emerging business where the market is already infested with numerous existent competitors. It has been found that many small businesses have often failed to develop competitive advantage over their competitors in the market. The entrepreneur of the business has to take steps in order to gain competitive advantage in their business. It is noteworthy to mention that the business community never welcomes new entreprene urs with open arms rather prevent the new entries from appropriating the market share from them. Thus development of competitive advantage is critical for a firm right from the entry stage to the end of the life of the business (Bressler, n.d., p.192) . Areas where the firms need to intervene in order to develop competitive advantage Small businesses are unable to compete with the large firms in terms of price as the price mechanism behavior remains in their hand due to market reputation as well as historical sales background. A typical behavior of a small firm can be given by an example in this case. Suppose a restaurant is opening and when asked its entrepreneur about the prospective a common answer is that, â€Å"we will offer good food at good prices† (Bressler,n.d.,p.193). Marketing mix elements can be viewed to deliver competitive advantage to the businesses. The elements of the marketing mix include product, price, place, and promotion. The companies have to concentrat e on these variables in order to gain competitive advantage. Cost also plays an important role in the competitive advantage paradigm (Rothaermel, n.d., p. 201). Big companies can negotiate lower costs and have advantages over the smaller companies. However there are possibilities of lowering the costs with the help of less capital equipment, location, overhead, lower distribution cost, lower labor cost, and lower investment cost. Before explaining them in brief with economic theories first of all we will discuss the characteristics of the market of soft drinks in US and its relevance with the Hans Natural Corporation. Characteristics of the soft drinks market in US In the present situation the soft drink industry is highly competitive for all the corporations involved in this business (Davies, n.d.). The soft drinks industry faces pressure from rival seller, new entrants to the industry, substitute goods, suppliers, and buyers. In the US soft drinks industry Coca-Cola, Pepsi Co and Cadbury Schweppes are the largest competitors. In 2004, Coca Cola’s working capital was around $1.1 billion and Pepsico’s total sales were $18.4 billion. Many small companies are also there like Facedrink, Arcadia Brewing Co, Banko Beverage Company, Carolina Canners Inc etc.( Beverage Companies, n.d.). The market is almost saturated and the growth is small. It is pretty difficult prospect for the new entrants in the industry. Another significant barrier

Autism from Theories to learning

Autism from Theories to learning Since it first identified as a distinct disorder by Leo Kanner (1943), autism studies continued in order to explain its causes. Many theories and clinical studies evolved. However, none of them seems to be conclusive. Although it was interchangeably considered as part of schizophrenia, recently it is defined as a distinct disorder that has its own characteristics. The field of management is still challenging. In this paper, I am going to discuss different theories that explain autism. Then, I am going to summarize different learning approaches that are used for autistic children based on the different theories and ideas. Introduction: What is autism? Autism is part of the autistic spectrum disorders. The name itself is originated from the Greek word autos which means self.1 Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life and is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the normal functioning of the brain, impacting development in the areas of social interaction and communication skills (ASA).2 There are five autistic spectrum disorders labeled as pervasive developmental disorder (DSM IV).3 Causes of autism: There is no known single cause for autism. Many theories evolved to explain the possible causes. There are many different cognitive and psychological thoughts describe the autism symptoms. On the other hand, new beliefs developed which explain the autism symptoms as results of genetic or environmental influences.4 Controversial ideas like the effect of diet and vaccines on the development of autism symptoms recognized as hot topics for the last few years.5 Autism symptoms: Autism, as per the definition, consists mainly of three main categorical symptoms which include behavioral, communication and social aspects.6 The severity of the symptoms fluctuates from one child to other.7 Treatment methods: Treatment approaches and methods vary widely according to the teaching center and to the autistic child assessment of needs and symptoms.8 There are many behavioral and cognitive modalities in dealing with autistic children.9 Recently, many therapies introduced for the management of autism symptoms such as diet therapy and drugs therapy.10 None of these therapies appears superior to others. It is the child condition and needs that judge. Cognitive models: Since the introduction of autism as a definite disorder by Leo Kanner (1943),11 many theories developed to explain the dilemma behind this disorder. Three main theories expressed the cognitive dysfunction on autism. These are The Theory of Mind Deficit, Executive Dysfunction theory and the Weak Central Coherence theory. Theory of mind deficit: Theory of mind refers to the ability to make full mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions, imagination, emotions, etc.) that trigger action.12 Child with autism has difficulty to understand others thoughts which consider, according to the theory of mind, as the core cognitive deficit in autism.13 Executive function theory: Executive function theory deals with planning, working memory, impulse control, inhibition and mental flexibility.14 Also, it includes the initiation and monitoring of action.14This theory explains some of the autism symptoms. For example, repetitive and restricted behavior observed in autistic children might be explained due to executive dysfunction.15 In addition, the poor social interaction could be due to defect in cognitive shifting which is a vital part of executive function.16 Central coherence theory: Weak Central coherence theory describes inability to understand the context or to see the big picture.17 This could explain common autistic behaviors such as repetitiveness, focusing to parts of objects and persistence in behaviors related to details.18 Other cognitive theory: Autism could be described by Piagets two-factor theory of figurative and operative functions. Several autistic children exhibit an arrest in operative functions at the sensorimotor level while remaining to grow in figurative functions. This arrest limits consequent development of higher-level theoretical, figurative, and social skills.19 Limitations of cognitive theories: Cognitive theories have successfully explained the typical abnormal behavior seen in autistic children. However, cognitive theories have their weakness in explaining the total picture of autism. Also, the deviation in the autistic symptoms between different affected children could not be clarified by the cognitive theories. The other notable limitation in the cognitive theories is explaining autism as a static cognitive impairment rather than studying the developmental approach of the condition.20 Psychoanalytic theories: Psychoanalytic theories have their potency in explaining the developmental attitude of autism. Psychoanalysts perceive autism as a disorder in which the development of self-perception and perception of others is altered significantly. Psychoanalysis has advocated understanding the development, maintenance, and treatment of autism.17 Autism has two main psychoanalytic explanations. One is that it is a failure to an earlier stage of development. Second idea rationalizes autistic behavior as a defense mechanism in response to extremely stressful conditions.17 Reflection of Freud theory on autism: The methods of social engagement, which proceeds to identification as defined by Freud are essential in autistic development. Freuds original ideas of drives have influenced the psychodynamics explanations of the causes of autism.21 In 1975; Donald Meltzer established a model of autism based on three main philosophies: the dismantling of the ego, adhesive identification, and the bio-dimensionality of object relations. The dismantling of the ego represents the idea that autistic children dispersed their ego throughout the various senses, so that they can never appropriately perceive the world around them. Adhesive identification is often seen in autism. It follows the transmission of energy from the death drive and the libido when these drives are being defused. The bio-dimensionality of object relations discusses how the autistic child connects to libidinal objects, with an incapability to see beyond the surface of objects.17 Refrigerator mother theory: Refrigerator mother theory is another psychological theory explaining the cause of autism. Bettelheim was the first who introduce this concept. The theory claims that autism is a defense mechanism against cold, impassive, and detached mothers. Autistic children are been raised to dampening and hardhearted families during the initial stages of development where language and social skills typically acquire. There is limited interaction between mothers and their children, and this is the core cause of autism according to Bettelheim.17 Attachment deficit theory: Autism has been argued as a result of social isolation from parents; hence the attachment deficit theory arises. Rutgers et al. (2004) relates the social isolation noted in autism to the absence of early and secured attachement.17 Ecological theory on autism: Bronfenbrenner described human development in the form of interconnected, nested ecological levels, which can be applied to the environmental circumstance of autistic children. According to the ecological theory, the child with autism behaves in various microsystem structures and processes in the home, school, and community. A collection of interactive microsystems composes a mesosystem. Exosystems have an indirect or secondary impact on the child through their direct influence on the persons who interrelate with the child. The exosystems formal and informal social contexts modify characters in the childs micro- and mesosystems, hence ultimately affect the autistic children themselves.22 Management of autism: Identifying a child with autistic spectrum disorder is a dilemma for parents and caregivers. Different tools could be used to assess the severity and disability. Dealing with autistic children is challenging. Many modalities have been used with different achievements. Using drugs or diet is controversial. Many schools attempt to reflect the psycho-cognitive theories for autistic spectrum disorders in their approach to manage these cases. Learning approaches for autism: Many approaches evolved to teach autistic children. Most of These approaches are based on the different psycho-cognitive theories on autism. I am going to discuss the approaches that are recognized by the American society of autism. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): This method attempts to teach the autistic child different skills and behavior in stepwise approaches. The child get rewards after completing the task, so reinforcing the task or behavior. This method appears successfully beneficial in improving the personal skills and social behavior. However, it required intensive training time at school, and it does not prepare the autistic child to respond to new situations in life.23 Treatment   Education of Autistic and Related Communication of Handicapped Children (TEACH): Based on the sense that the environment should be acclimatized to the child with autism, the TEACH approach uses a structured teaching method to introduce skills and behavior for children with autism. There is no specific technique for this method. The childs learning abilities evaluated, and then teaching strategies are planned according to the childs needs. Although this approach has been criticized for being too structured, it helps the autistic children to understand the environment around them and peoples behaviors.23 Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS): This method intends mainly to teach autistic children, especially those that do not speak. It helps to improve the communication skills. It is a clear and intentional method. The child hands on the picture of interest to communicate with the teacher.23 Pivotal Response Treatment: Pivotal response treatment is aiming to teach the autistic child behavior, communication and social skills. Also, it enhances the skills of self-management and social initiation. This approach uses a multi-task method to teach the child critical behaviors. The child plays a leading role in defining the activity or object to be used in teaching.23 Floor Time: This approach is using a developmental, stepwise method in teaching the child with autism. It is much like play therapy. It does not plan to teach a single task. However, it advanced the child skills to encourage emotional development. The problems with this method are the difficulty in processing the information by the child, the child may under or over react and children with autism may not have control over their body to do different tasks or play.23 Social Stories: Social story method helps the child with autism to understand the expected or appropriate response. Through stories, the child learns how to interact socially and behave appropriately. This method has been adopted in view of the theory of mind deficit.23 Sensory Integration: Occupational and physical therapist implement this method to help autistic children to overcome their hypo or hypersensitivities. Children get desensitized to help them identify the sensory information.23 Facilitated Communication: This method is based on the idea that the autistic children are not able to communicate because of a movement disorder, not the insufficiency in communication skills. In this approach, the facilitator or the teacher supports the child arm helping him or her to communicate through the computer or typewriter.23 Complementary Approaches: Different intended approaches have been tried for autistic children. Using music, playing, models or animals are some of the methods that are not categorized under any of the known approaches.23 Conclusion: Autism is still considered as a mystery for teachers and physicians. Many causes seem to interact together to result in autistic symptoms. Learning the theories behind autism could help teachers and physicians to understand how appropriately approach autistic children. Human development theories help to understand the steps of building up the knowledge for autistic children. Conflicts of interest: none.